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In the hyperuricemic environment, for macrophages, the effects of sUA and MSU are inconsistent. In general, both substances induce macrophage-associated inflammation through multiple signalling pathways, including sky/JNK and myD88/NLRP3. They also influence macrophage migration, disrupt the balance between M1 and M2 populations, activate macrophage phagocytosis, and promote the production of necrotic macrophages.
