Table 4. Assessment of dietary zinc intake according to Dietary Reference Intakes for Koreans (n = 2,679)^1),2) .

Group		% RNI		Below EAR		Above UL
		Mean ± SE	95% CL	%	P-value‡	%	P-value‡
Total subjects		154.3 ± 1.1	152.1–156.4	1.1		10.7
Age group					0.0937		< 0.0001
	1–2 yrs	167.0 ± 2.2	162.8–171.2	1.6		25.6
	3–5 yrs	145.6 ± 1.0	143.7–147.5	0.8		0.6
Gender					0.4973		0.2223
	Boys	157.7 ± 1.6	154.7–160.8	1.0		11.6
	Girls	150.6 ± 1.5	147.6–153.6	1.3		9.7
Age group × Gender					0.3157		< 0.0001
	1–2 yrs, boys	169.0 ± 3.0	163.1–174.9	1.4		26.9
	1–2 yrs, girls	164.7 ± 3.2	158.5–170.9	1.9		24.0
	3–5 yrs, boys	149.6 ± 1.3	147.0–152.2	0.7		0.6
	3–5 yrs, girls	141.6 ± 1.3	139.0–144.1	0.9		0.5
Living area					0.3038		0.6811
	Urban	154.6 ± 1.2	152.2–157.0	1.0		10.8
	Rural	152.6 ± 2.6	147.4–157.8	1.7		10.1
Household income					0.9014		0.6371
	Low	147.9 ± 4.4	139.2–156.6	1.0		12.1
	Medium-low	153.7 ± 2.0	149.7–157.6	1.0		9.6
	Medium-high	154.4 ± 1.7	151.0–157.8	1.4		11.7
	High	157.5 ± 2.1	153.3–161.6	1.0		10.3

CL, confidence limit; EAR, estimated average requirement; RNI, recommended nutrient intake; UL, tolerable upper intake level.

¹⁾All analyses accounted for the complex sampling design effect and appropriate sampling weights.

²⁾To estimate usual zinc intake, zinc intake obtained from 1-day 24-h recall data was adjusted using the method described in the Nutrient Adequacy: Assessment Using Food Consumption Surveys (National Research Council, 1986). The adjusted (usual) zinc intake for each child was calculated using the ratio of within-to-between-person variance of zinc intake obtained from 2-day 24-h recall data of the 2009 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (0.59 for 1–2 yrs and 2.45 for 3–5 yrs).

^‡P-values were obtained from the χ² test.