Table 2. Differences in changes in anthropometrics and metabolic biomarkers between the App group and the Paper group.
| Characteristics (mean ± SD) | App group (n = 30) | Paper group (n = 27) | P-value3) | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Baseline | 12-week | Change (%)1) | P-value2) | Baseline | 12-week | Change (%)1) | P-value2) | |||
| Anthropometrics | ||||||||||
| Body weight (kg) | 81.4 ± 12.5 | 82.1 ± 13.5 | 0.7 ± 3.0 | 0.14 | 78.5 ± 9.6 | 77.9 ± 10.4 | −0.9 ± 3.2 | 0.18 | 0.11 | |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 28.2 ± 3.1 | 28.4 ± 3.3 | 0.7 ± 3.0 | 0.71 | 27.7 ± 2.2 | 27.4 ± 2.4 | −0.9 ± 3.2 | 0.16 | 0.11 | |
| Body fat (kg) | 26.2 ± 8.3 | 27.3 ± 9.0 | 4.2 ± 10.9 | 0.03 | 26.5 ± 6.9 | 26.0 ± 6.8 | −1.6 ± 7.2 | 0.24 | 0.03 | |
| Lean body mass (kg) | 55.2 ± 10.5 | 54.7 ± 10.3 | −0.7 ± 4.0 | 0.25 | 52.0 ± 9.1 | 51.9 ± 9.6 | −0.5 ± 2.6 | 0.52 | 0.82 | |
| Skeletal muscle mass (kg) | 30. 9 ± 6.4 | 30.7 ± 6.3 | −0.6 ± 4.3 | 0.34 | 29.1 ± 5.6 | 29.0 ± 5.9 | −0.4 ± 2.7 | 0.74 | 0.83 | |
| Waist circumference (cm) | 94.5 ± 8.5 | 93.6 ± 10.1 | −1.0 ± 4.3 | 0.26 | 93.0 ± 6.9 | 91.3 ± 6.9 | −1.8 ± 4.4 | 0.04 | 0.59 | |
| Body fat percent (%) | 32.2 ± 8.4 | 33.1 ± 8.3 | 3.4 ± 9.3 | 0.06 | 33.8 ± 7.8 | 33.5 ± 7.8 | −0.8 ± 4.9 | 0.35 | 0.06 | |
| Metabolic biomarkers | ||||||||||
| Fasting glucose (mg/dL) | 91.7 ± 6.6 | 92.7 ± 6.2 | 1.4 ± 7.0 | 0.39 | 93.6 ± 8.8 | 93.1 ± 7.5 | −0.2 ± 5.1 | 0.64 | 0.34 | |
| Total cholesterol (mg/dL) | 168.2 ± 30.8 | 179.8 ± 32.3 | 9.6 ± 29.4 | 0.04 | 187.6 ± 24.0 | 187.6 ± 27.2 | 0.4 ± 11.7 | 0.74 | 0.06 | |
| Triglyceride (mg/dL) | 92.1 ± 33.2 | 118.8 ± 79.0 | 31.0 ± 59.6 | 0.01 | 99.1 ± 36.5 | 108.0 ± 42.8 | 14.3 ± 42.2 | 0.28 | 0.23 | |
| HDL-cholesterol (mg/dL) | 52.6 ± 9.1 | 53.2 ± 7.5 | 2.2 ± 11.9 | 0.65 | 52.6 ± 8.5 | 55.3 ± 9.2 | 5.8 ± 12.2 | 0.03 | 0.26 | |
| LDL-cholesterol (mg/dL) | 97.0 ± 26.8 | 102.9 ± 26.8 | 12.5 ± 45.3 | 0.11 | 115.2 ± 22.7 | 110.7 ± 26.8 | −3.1 ± 20.6 | 0.29 | 0.02 | |
| Insulin (μU/mL) | 11.0 ± 6.0 | 12.5 ± 8.0 | 19.7 ± 43.8 | 0.20 | 11.7 ± 8.5 | 11.2 ± 7.4 | 11.6 ± 61.8 | 0.84 | 0.25 | |
| hsCRP (mg/L) | 1.1 ± 0.9 | 1.1 ± 0.8 | 34.7 ± 135.6 | 0.86 | 1.4 ± 1.7 | 1.2 ± 1.6 | −8.4 ± 60.8 | 0.01 | 0.27 | |
BMI, body mass index; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; hsCRP, high sensitivity C-reactive protein; App, mobile application; Paper, paper-based diary.
1)Change from baseline to 12 weeks is defined as relative change: Formula = [(Follow-Up Measurement – Baseline Measurement)/Baseline Measurement] × 100.
2)P-value was calculated using paired t-test and Wilcoxon signed-rank test, and represented the difference from pre- to post-intervention within the group.
3)P-value was calculated using independent t-test and Wilcoxon rank sum test, and represented the difference of the relative change between the App group and the Paper group.