Table 4. Differences in changes in metabolic biomarker levels between the App group and the Paper group in men and women.
| Characteristics (mean ± SD) | App group (n = 30) | Paper group (n = 27) | P-value3) | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Baseline | 12-week | Change (%)1) | P-value2) | Baseline | 12-week | Change (%)1) | P-value2) | |||
| Men | ||||||||||
| Fasting glucose (mg/dL) | 92.3 ± 6.8 | 92.8 ± 6.7 | 0.6 ± 4.0 | 0.60 | 96.4 ± 9.2 | 95.1 ± 7.9 | −1.0 ± 6.6 | 0.46 | 0.41 | |
| Total cholesterol (mg/dL) | 165.7 ± 36.1 | 185.6 ± 35.4 | 16.3 ± 37.4 | 0.03 | 191.8 ± 25.5 | 194.6 ± 26.5 | 1.7 ± 7.4 | 0.49 | 0.10 | |
| Triglyceride (mg/dL) | 97.9 ± 32.4 | 127.4 ± 92.0 | 31.4 ± 69.2 | 0.08 | 99.9 ± 30.3 | 125.2 ± 49.3 | 31.1 ± 50.4 | 0.07 | 0.71 | |
| HDL-cholesterol (mg/dL) | 48.9 ± 7.2 | 51.7 ± 7.3 | 6.3 ± 8.8 | 0.01 | 48.9 ± 6.1 | 51.9 ± 7.0 | 6.7 ± 13.4 | 0.11 | 0.91 | |
| LDL-cholesterol (mg/dL) | 97.0 ± 32.2 | 108.3 ± 30.0 | 22.6 ± 58.5 | 0.03 | 122.7 ± 24.2 | 117.9 ± 23.4 | −3.0 ± 11.7 | 0.67 | 0.10 | |
| Insulin (μU/mL) | 11.4 ± 7.1 | 13.2 ± 9.8 | 19.2 ± 37.0 | 0.12 | 11.8 ± 8.9 | 11.1 ± 7.5 | 13.9 ± 81.3 | 0.99 | 0.09 | |
| hsCRP (mg/L) | 1.1 ± 0.8 | 1.2 ± 0.9 | 53.5 ± 167.7 | 0.49 | 0.8 ± 0.5 | 0.6 ± 0.5 | −10.0 ± 78.8 | 0.05 | 0.09 | |
| Women | ||||||||||
| Fasting glucose (mg/dL) | 91.1 ± 6.5 | 92.7 ± 5.9 | 2.2 ± 9.5 | 0.50 | 90.5 ± 7.4 | 91.0 ± 6.6 | 0.6 ± 2.8 | 0.52 | 0.56 | |
| Total cholesterol (mg/dL) | 171.1 ± 24.3 | 173.2 ± 28.3 | 1.9 ± 14.2 | 0.73 | 183.2 ± 22.3 | 180.0 ± 26.8 | −1.1 ± 15.2 | 0.29 | 0.57 | |
| Triglyceride (mg/dL) | 85.5 ± 34.0 | 109.0 ± 62.9 | 30.6 ± 49.1 | 0.07 | 98.2 ± 43.4 | 89.5 ± 24.7 | −3.7 ± 20.9 | 0.26 | 0.03 | |
| HDL-cholesterol (mg/dL) | 56.9 ± 9.3 | 54.9 ± 7.6 | −2.5 ± 13.5 | 0.33 | 56.5 ± 9.1 | 59.1 ± 10.2 | 4.9 ± 11.2 | 0.19 | 0.14 | |
| LDL-cholesterol (mg/dL) | 96.9 ± 20.0 | 96.7 ± 22.0 | 1.1 ± 19.3 | 0.92 | 107.1 ± 18.7 | 103.0 ± 29.1 | −3.1 ± 27.7 | 0.59 | 0.18 | |
| Insulin (μU/mL) | 10.5 ± 4.7 | 11.6 ± 5.4 | 20.3 ± 52.0 | 0.39 | 11.7 ± 8.5 | 11.4 ± 7.6 | 9.2 ± 33.2 | 0.48 | 0.52 | |
| hsCRP (mg/L) | 1.3 ± 1.1 | 1.0 ± 0.6 | 13.2 ± 87.4 | 0.25 | 2.0 ± 2.2 | 1.9 ± 2.1 | −6.5 ± 35.9 | 0.25 | 0.81 | |
HDL, high-density lipoprotein; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; hsCRP, high sensitivity C-reactive protein; App, mobile application; Paper, paper-based diary.
1)Changes from baseline to 12 weeks is defined as relative change: Formula = [(Follow-Up Measurement – Baseline Measurement)/Baseline Measurement] × 100.
2)P-value was calculated using paired t-test and Wilcoxon signed-rank test, and represented the difference from pre-to post-intervention within the group.
3)P-value was calculated using independent t-test and Wilcoxon rank sum test, and represented the difference of the relative change between the App group and the Paper group.