Table 2. Baseline characteristics of study participants at baseline according to dairy product consumption in Ansan and Anseong cohort study.
| Characteristics | Dairy product consumption (serving/day)1) | P-value2)3) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| None | < 0.5 | ≥ 0.5 | |||
| No. of participants | 2,369 (29.6) | 5,382 (67.2) | 258 (3.2) | ||
| Age (yrs) | 54.61 ± 8.88 | 51.04 ± 8.61 | 51.54 ± 8.42 | < 0.001 | |
| Sex | < 0.001 | ||||
| Men | 1,203 (50.8) | 2,557 (47.5) | 99 (38.4) | ||
| Women | 1,166 (49.2) | 2,825 (52.5) | 159 (61.6) | ||
| Residential area | < 0.001 | ||||
| Ansan (urban) | 803 (33.9) | 2,925 (54.3) | 123 (47.7) | ||
| Anseong (rural) | 1,566 (66.1) | 2,457 (45.7) | 135 (52.3) | ||
| Educational level | < 0.001 | ||||
| Elementary school graduation or lower | 1,042 (44.4) | 1,525 (28.5) | 63 (24.4) | ||
| Middle school graduation | 559 (23.8) | 1,204 (22.5) | 69 (26.7) | ||
| High school graduation | 570 (24.3) | 1,771 (33.1) | 81 (31.4) | ||
| College graduation or higher | 177 (7.5) | 856 (16.0) | 45 (17.4) | ||
| Household income (KRW/month) | < 0.001 | ||||
| < 1,000,000 | 1,098 (47.3) | 1,592 (29.9) | 70 (27.8) | ||
| 1,000,000–1,999,999 | 637 (27.4) | 1,592 (29.9) | 84 (33.3) | ||
| 2,000,000–3,999,999 | 480 (20.7) | 1,669 (31.4) | 69 (27.4) | ||
| ≥ 4,000,000 | 107 (4.6) | 468 (8.8) | 29 (11.5) | ||
| Current smoking status (yes) | 706 (30.1) | 1,273 (23.8) | 54 (21.0) | < 0.001 | |
| Current alcohol intake (yes) | 1,143 (48.5) | 2,595 (48.4) | 101 (39.5) | 0.019 | |
| MET-h/d4) | 26.79 ± 16.00 | 22.95 ± 14.52 | 23.82 ± 15.28 | < 0.001 | |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 24.45 ± 3.19 | 24.61 ± 3.02 | 24.69 ± 3.04 | 0.193 | |
| History of disease (yes) | |||||
| Hypertension | 401 (16.9) | 740 (13.7) | 33 (12.8) | 0.001 | |
| Diabetes | 193 (8.2) | 314 (5.8) | 9 (3.5) | < 0.001 | |
| Dyslipidemia | 52 (2.2) | 137 (2.5) | 1 (0.4) | 0.067 | |
| Total energy intake (kcal/d) | 1,810.94 ± 596.73 | 1,979.09 ± 606.60 | 2,580.98 ± 865.52 | < 0.001 | |
| Carbohydrate intake (g/d) | 328.33 ± 107.01 | 346.55 ± 105.00 | 433.75 ± 143.43 | < 0.001 | |
| Fat intake (g/d) | 26.41 ± 16.48 | 33.70 ± 17.93 | 51.91 ± 29.25 | < 0.001 | |
| Protein intake (g/d) | 59.34 ± 24.57 | 67.73 ± 25.60 | 92.62 ± 38.52 | < 0.001 | |
| Ca intake (mg/d) | 396.82 ± 229.69 | 490.99 ± 242.37 | 860.27 ± 388.15 | < 0.001 | |
Values are presented as number (%) or mean ± SD.
MET, metabolic equivalent of task; BMI, body mass index.
1)One serving was equal to 120 mL of yogurt, 120 g of ice-cream and 20 g of cheese.
2)P-values are derived from χ2 test for categorical variables.
3)P for trends are derived from general linear model analysis for continuous variables.
4)Physical activity level is calculated as MET-h/day.