Table 2.
Clinical and demographic characteristics of study participants by exposure of interest
| Variables of interest | Ever smoke |
Ever drink alcohol |
Vigorous physically active |
|||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No n = 2430 (63.0%) |
Yes n = 1415 (36.8%) |
No n = 1663 (43.7%) |
Yes n = 2139 (56.3%) |
No n = 1975 (51.4%) |
Yes n = 1869 (48.6%) |
|
| Age at completing the survey in y | ||||||
| Median (range) | 54 (18-84) | 59 (18-83) | 57 (18-84) | 56 (18-83) | 60 (18-84) | 52 (18-80) |
| P value | <.0001 | <.0001 | <.0001 | |||
| BMT era, n (%) | ||||||
| 1974-1989 | 211 (8.7) | 106 (7.4) | 103 (6.2) | 207 (9.7) | 109 (5.5) | 208 (11.3) |
| 1990-2004 | 1043 (42.9) | 614 (43.4) | 670 (40.3) | 957 (44.7) | 730 (37.0) | 931 (49.8) |
| 2005-2014 | 1176 (48.4) | 695 (49.1) | 890 (53.5) | 975 (45.6) | 1136 (57.5) | 730 (39.1) |
| P value | .4311 | <.0001 | <.0001 | |||
| Sex, n (%) | ||||||
| Female | 1159 (47.7) | 570 (40.3) | 899 (54.1) | 813 (38.0) | 999 (50.6) | 726 (38.8) |
| Male | 1271 (52.3) | 845 (59.7) | 764 (45.9) | 1326 (62.0) | 976 (49.4) | 1143 (61.2) |
| P value | <.0001 | <.0001 | <.0001 | |||
| Race/ethnicity, n (%) | ||||||
| African American | 126 (5.2) | 56 (4.0) | 118 (7.1) | 62 (2.9) | 124 (6.3) | 59 (3.2) |
| Non-Hispanic White | 1719 (70.7) | 1129 (79.8) | 1118 (67.2) | 1729 (80.8) | 1430 (72.4) | 1419 (75.9) |
| Hispanic | 365 (15.0) | 140 (10.0) | 238 (14.3) | 227 (10.6) | 236 (11.9) | 265 (14.2) |
| Asian | 153 (6.3) | 48 (3.4) | 132 (8.0) | 69 (3.2) | 115 (5.8) | 86 (4.6) |
| Other∗ | 66 (2.7) | 41 (2.9) | 57 (3.4) | 50 (2.3) | 70 (3.5) | 38 (2.0) |
| Missing | 1 (0.04) | 1 (0.1) | 0 (0.0) | 2 (0.1) | 0 (0.0) | 2 (0.1) |
| P value | <.0001 | <.0001 | <.0001 | |||
| Health insurance, n (%) | ||||||
| Not insured | 84 (3.5) | 48 (3.4) | 58 (3.5) | 74 (3.5) | 48 (2.4) | 83 (4.4) |
| Insured | 2325 (95.7) | 1344 (95.0) | 1604 (96.4) | 2061 (96.3) | 1925 (97.5) | 1743 (93.3) |
| Missing | 21 (0.9) | 23 (1.6) | 1 (0.1) | 4 (0.2) | 2 (1.1) | 43 (2.3) |
| P value | .1010 | .5632 | <.0001 | |||
| Annual household income, n (%) | ||||||
| <$19 999 | 659 (27.1) | 435 (30.7) | 571 (34.3) | 506 (23.7) | 665 (33.7) | 426 (22.8) |
| $20 000-$49 999 | 418 (17.2) | 310 (21.9) | 252 (15.2) | 460 (21.5) | 314 (15.9) | 413 (22.1) |
| >$50 000 | 1121 (46.1) | 552 (39.0) | 655 (39.4) | 1018 (47.6) | 812 (41.1) | 862 (46.1) |
| Missing | 232 (9.5) | 118 (8.3) | 185 (11.1) | 155 (7.2) | 184 (9.3) | 168 (9.0) |
| P value | <.0001 | <.0001 | <.0001 | |||
| Educational status, n (%) | ||||||
| ≤High school or less | 383 (15.8) | 327 (23.1) | 353 (21.2) | 319 (14.9) | 419 (21.2) | 288 (15.4) |
| Post high school | 2011 (82.8) | 1083 (76.5) | 1283 (77.1) | 1807 (84.5) | 1532 (77.6) | 1564 (83.7) |
| Missing | 36 (1.5) | 5 (0.4) | 27 (1.6) | 13 (0.6) | 24 (1.2) | 17 (0.9) |
| P value | <.0001 | <.0001 | <.0001 | |||
| Age at BMT in y | ||||||
| Median (range) | 42 (0-74) | 49 (0-74) | 44 (0-74) | 45 (0-74) | 49 (0-74) | 39 (0-72) |
| P value | <.0001 | <.0001 | <.0001 | |||
| Follow-up since BMT to study start in y | ||||||
| Median (range) | 9 (2-41) | 8 (2-41) | 9 (3-41) | 8 (2-41) | 8 (3-41) | 9 (2-41) |
| P value | <.0001 | <.0001 | <.0001 | |||
| BMI, n (%) | ||||||
| Underweight (<18.5 kg/m2) | 93 (3.8) | 35 (2.5) | 75 (4.5) | 52 (2.4) | 68 (3.4) | 61 (3.3) |
| Normal weight (18.5 to <25 kg/m2) | 838 (34.5) | 394 (27.8) | 538 (32.3) | 693 (32.4) | 581 (29.4) | 652 (34.9) |
| Overweight (25 to <30 kg/m2) | 674 (27.7) | 464 (32.8) | 445 (29.8) | 691 (32.3) | 574 (29.1) | 560 (30.0) |
| Obese (≥30 kg/m2) | 429 (17.7) | 298 (21.1) | 356 (21.4) | 369 (17.2) | 456 (23.1) | 271 (14.5) |
| Unknown | 396 (16.3) | 224 (15.8) | 249 (15.0) | 52 (2.4) | 296 (15.0) | 325 (17.4) |
| P value | <.0001 | <.0001 | <.0001 | |||
| Primary diagnosis†, n (%) | ||||||
| AML/MDS/ALL | 796 (32.8) | 420 (29.7) | 549 (33.0) | 653 (30.5) | 605 (30.6) | 612 (32.7) |
| CML | 245 (10.1) | 148 (10.5) | 153 (9.2) | 227 (10.6) | 157 (7.9) | 237 (12.7) |
| HL/NHL | 709 (29.2) | 531 (37.5) | 471 (28.3) | 766 (35.8) | 641 (32.5) | 601 (32.2) |
| PCD | 429 (17.6) | 257 (18.2) | 322 (19.4) | 356 (16.6) | 433 (21.9) | 248 (13.3) |
| Other† | 251 (10.3) | 59 (4.2) | 168 (10.1) | 137 (6.4) | 139 (7.0) | 171 (9.2) |
| P value | <.0001 | <.0001 | .3239 | |||
| Disease status at first BMT, n (%) | ||||||
| High risk | 1038 (42.7) | 681 (48.1) | 726 (43.7) | 976 (45.6) | 959 (48.6) | 758 (40.5) |
| Standard risk | 1073 (44.2) | 618 (43.7) | 743 (44.7) | 927 (43.3) | 842 (42.6) | 850 (45.5) |
| Missing | 319 (13.1) | 116 (8.2) | 194 (11.7) | 236 (11.0) | 174 (8.8) | 261 (14.0) |
| P value | <.0001 | .4661 | <.0001 | |||
| BMT type/cGvHD, n (%) | ||||||
| Autologous | 1157 (47.6) | 774 (54.7) | 796 (47.9) | 1123 (52.5) | 1030 (52.2) | 898 (48.0) |
| Allogeneic with cGvHD | 685 (28.2) | 349 (24.7) | 470 (28.3) | 545 (25.5) | 532 (26.9) | 504 (27.0) |
| Allogeneic without cGvHD | 555 (22.8) | 266 (18.8) | 366 (22.0) | 443 (20.7) | 374 (18.9) | 447 (23.9) |
| Allogeneic missing cGvHD | 33 (1.4) | 26 (1.8) | 31 (1.9) | 28 (1.3) | 39 (2.0) | 20 (1.1) |
| P value | <.0001 | .0256 | .0002 | |||
| Stem cell source, n (%) | ||||||
| Bone marrow/cord blood | 867 (35.7) | 427 (30.2) | 541 (32.5) | 721 (33.7) | 537 (27.2) | 760 (40.7) |
| Peripheral stem cells | 1562 (64.3) | 988 (69.8) | 1121 (67.4) | 1418 (66.3) | 1438 (72.8) | 1108 (59.3) |
| Missing | 1 (0.04) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (0.1) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (0.05) |
| P value | .0017 | .3965 | <.0001 | |||
| Conditioning intensity, n (%) | ||||||
| MAC | 1625 (66.9) | 1032 (72.9) | 1092 (65.7) | 1534 (71.7) | 1303 (66.0) | 1354 (72.4) |
| RIC/NMA | 498 (20.5) | 258 (18.2) | 381 (22.9) | 373 (17.4) | 449 (22.7) | 309 (16.5) |
| Missing | 307 (12.6) | 125 (8.8) | 190 (11.4) | 232 (10.9) | 223 (11.3) | 206 (11.0) |
| P value | <.0001 | <.0001 | <.0001 | |||
| Conditioning regimen, n (%) | ||||||
| TBI | 1102 (45.3) | 635 (44.9) | 687 (41.3) | 1022 (47.8) | 766 (38.8) | 976 (52.2) |
| P value | .7760 | <.0001 | <.0001 | |||
| Cyclophosphamide | 1249 (51.4) | 756 (53.4) | 815 (49.0) | 1181 (55.2) | 928 (47.0) | 1081 (57.8) |
| P value | .2246 | .0001 | <.0001 | |||
| Nitrosoureas | 289 (11.9) | 207 (14.6) | 191 (11.5) | 306 (14.3) | 272 (13.4) | 226 (12.1) |
| P value | .0147 | .0105 | .1210 | |||
| Etoposide | 812 (33.4) | 511 (36.1) | 530 (31.9) | 772 (36.1) | 609 (30.8) | 717 (38.4) |
| P value | .0895 | .0065 | <.0001 | |||
| Busulfan | 273 (11.2) | 135 (9.5) | 223 (13.4) | 182 (8.5) | 223 (11.3) | 184 (9.8) |
| P value | .1000 | <.0001 | .1452 | |||
| Cytarabine | 137 (5.6) | 114 (8.1) | 99 (6.0) | 151 (7.1) | 153 (7.7) | 98 (5.2) |
| P value | .0038 | .1722 | .0017 | |||
| Melphalan | 598 (24.6) | 404 (28.5) | 470 (28.3) | 527 (24.6) | 642 (32.5) | 358 (19.1) |
| P value | .0072 | .0117 | <.0001 | |||
| Fludarabine | 379 (15.6) | 216 (15.3) | 293 (17.6) | 302 (14.1) | 363 (18.4) | 234 (12.5) |
| P value | .7839 | .0032 | <.0001 | |||
| Chronic health conditions, n (%) | ||||||
| Grade 3 or 4 | 1394 (57.4) | 847 (59.9) | 1023 (61.5) | 1215 (56.8) | 1344 (68.0) | 899 (48.1) |
| P value | <.0001 | .0034 | <.0001 | |||
| Mental health‡, n (%) | ||||||
| Not impaired | 2317 (95.4) | 1325 (93.6) | 1579 (95.0) | 2019 (94.4) | 1858 (94.1) | 1782 (95.4) |
| Impaired | 113 (4.6) | 90 (6.4) | 84 (5.0) | 120 (5.6) | 117 (5.9) | 87 (4.6) |
| P value | .0222 | .4480 | .0794 | |||
| Some pain from cancer, n (%) | ||||||
| No | 791 (32.55) | 388 (27.4) | 454 (27.3) | 701 (32.8) | 419 (21.2) | 761 (40.7) |
| Yes | 1616 (66.5) | 1016 (71.8) | 1189 (71.5) | 1424 (66.6) | 1538 (77.9) | 1093 (58.5) |
| Missing | 23 (1.0) | 11 (0.8) | 20 (1.2) | 14 (0.6) | 18 (0.9) | 15 (0.8) |
| P value | .0030 | .0004 | <.0001 | |||
| Anxiety from cancer treatments, n (%) | ||||||
| Absent | 2280 (93.8) | 1308 (92.4) | 1559 (93.7) | 2025 (94.7) | 1849 (93.6) | 1740 (93.1) |
| Present | 104 (4.3) | 74 (5.2) | 85 (5.1) | 93 (4.3) | 108 (5.5) | 70 (3.7) |
| Missing | 46 (1.9) | 33 (2.3) | 19 (1.1) | 21 (1.0) | 18 (0.9) | 59 (3.2) |
| P value | .2507 | .4773 | .0170 | |||
| Vital status, n (%) | ||||||
| Deceased | 438 (18.0) | 410 (29.0) | 268 (16.1) | 562 (26.3) | 403 (20.4) | 448 (24.0) |
| Alive | 1992 (82.0) | 1005 (71.0) | 1395 (83.9) | 1577 (73.7) | 1572 (79.6) | 1421 (76.0) |
| P value | <.0001 | <.0001 | .0078 | |||
| Cause of death, n (%) | ||||||
| Nonrecurrence§ | 204 (46.6) | 209 (51.0) | 113 (42.2) | 288 (51.2) | 159 (39.4) | 256 (57.1) |
| Recurrence | 134 (30.6) | 112 (27.3) | 77 (28.7) | 162 (28.8) | 128 (31.8) | 118 (26.3) |
| Unknown | 95 (21.7) | 80 (19.5) | 78 (29.1) | 98 (17.4) | 113 (28.0) | 63 (14.1) |
| External | 5 (1.1) | 9 (2.2) | 0 (0.0) | 14 (2.5) | 3 (0.7) | 11 (2.5) |
| P value | .3161 | <.0001 | <.0001 | |||
| Ever smoke, n (%) | ||||||
| No | - | - | 1266 (73.1) | 1138 (53.2) | 1231 (62.3) | 1186 (63.5) |
| Yes | - | - | 394 (23.7) | 994 (46.5) | 735 (37.2) | 678 (36.3) |
| Missing | - | - | 3 (0.2) | 7 (0.3) | 9 (0.5) | 5 (0.3) |
| P value | - | <.0001 | .5071 | |||
| Smoking status, n (%) | ||||||
| Former smoker | - | 1215 (85.9) | 335 (85.0) | 854 (85.9) | 638 (86.8) | 575 (84.8) |
| Current smoker | - | 200 (14.1) | 59 (15.0) | 140 (14.1) | 97 (13.2) | 103 (15.2) |
| Age at smoking initiation | ||||||
| Median (IQR) | - | 17 (10-57) | 17 (10-48) | 17 (10-57) | 17 (10-57) | 17 (10-50) |
| Total y of smoking | ||||||
| Median (IQR) | - | 15 (1-57) | - | - | - | - |
| Ever drink alcohol, n (%) | ||||||
| No | 1266 (52.1) | 394 (27.8) | - | - | 1079 (54.6) | 575 (30.8) |
| Yes | 1138 (46.8) | 994 (70.2) | - | - | 883 (44.7) | 1251 (66.9) |
| Missing | 26 (1.1) | 27 (1.9) | - | - | 13 (0.7) | 43 (2.3) |
| P value | <.0001 | - | <.0001 | |||
| Heavy drinker, n (%) | ||||||
| No | 1058 (93.0) | 884 (88.9) | - | 1949 (91.1) | 839 (95.0) | 1105 (88.3) |
| Yes | 80 (7.0) | 110 (11.1) | - | 190 (8.9) | 44 (5.0) | 146 (11.7) |
| P value | .0011 | - | <.0001 | |||
| Vigorous physical activity, n (%) | ||||||
| No | 1231 (50.7) | 735 (51.9) | 651 (39.1) | 626 (29.3) | - | - |
| Yes | 1186 (48.8) | 678 (47.9) | 575 (34.6) | 1251 (58.5) | - | - |
| Missing | 13 (0.5) | 2 (0.1) | 437 (26.3) | 262 (12.2) | - | - |
| P value | .1362 | - | <.0001 | |||
| Levels of vigorous exercise (total metabolic equivalent h/wk-1) | ||||||
| 0 MET h/wk-1 | 1419 (58.4) | 898 (63.5) | 1157 (69.6) | 1134 (53.0) | 1975 (100.0) | 351 (18.8) |
| 3 to <9 MET h/wk-1 | 736 (30.3) | 343 (24.2) | 410 (24.6) | 668 (31.2) | - | 1084 (58.0) |
| ≥ 9 MET h/wk-1 | 262 (10.8) | 172 (12.2) | 87 (5.2) | 332 (15.5) | - | 434 (23.2) |
| Missing | 13 (0.5) | 2 (0.1) | 9 (0.5) | 5 (0.2) | - | - |
| P value | .0001 | <.0001 | - | |||
ALL, acute lymphoblastic leukemia; AML, acute myeloid leukemia; BMI, body mass index; CML, chronic myeloid leukemia; HL, Hodgkin lymphoma; IQR, interquartile range; MAC, myeloablative conditioning; MDS, myelodysplastic syndrome; NMA, nonmyeloablative; NHL, non-Hodgkin lymphoma; PCD, plasma cell dyscrasias; RIC, reduced intensity conditioning; -, data are not relevant or applicable.
Bold indicates statistically significant (P < 0.05).
∗
Race other includes multiracial (n = 93), American Indian (n = 12), and Pacific Island (n = 2).
†
Primary diagnosis other includes severe aplastic anemia, other leukemia, and other.
‡
Mental health is impaired outcome (T-score ≥63) in any of the 3 Brief Symptoms Inventory-18 items subscales (depression, somatization, or anxiety).
§
Nonrecurrence cause of death includes SMN (n = 149), cardiac (n = 86), infection (n = 84), pulmonary (n = 29), renal (n = 22), stroke (n = 12), neurologic (n = 10), other (n = 8), hepatic (n = 6), hemorrhage (n = 5), and VTE (n = 2).