| Targeted adults from the general population |
| Ahtinen 2013 |
Stress management |
App (Oiva) |
|
Not reported |
|
Acceptance and commitment therapy theory |
None |
| Van Drongelen 2014; 2016 |
Sleep improvement and fatigue reduction |
App (More energy);
Project website |
-
1.
App: personalised advice on physical activity, diet, and sleep based on flight schedule characteristics
-
2.
Project website: educational videos and audio files
|
Not reported |
-
4.
Shaping knowledge
-
17.
Personalisation
|
Not reported |
Project website |
| Du 2016 |
Healthy lifestyle promotion |
App (Fittle) |
-
1.
Team or individual challenges on physical activity, diet, and stress with progress tracking
-
2.
Feedback on daily activities provided by an automated conversational agent
|
Not reported |
-
1.
Goals and planning
-
2.
Feedback and monitoring
-
3.
Social support
-
6.
Shaping knowledge
|
Theory of planned behaviour;
Social cognitive theory |
|
| Zhang 2017 |
Coronary heart disease prevention |
App (Care4Heart);
SMS |
-
1.
App: educational content on heart disease, physical activity, diet, smoking, and stress; tools including BMI and daily caloric-intake calculation, and 10-year coronary heart disease risk prediction; demonstrative relaxation video clips
-
2.
SMS: educational content on coronary heart disease prevention
|
Not reported |
-
4.
Shaping knowledge
-
7.
Association
-
11.
Regulation
|
Health belief model |
Website links for health information |
| Comulada 2017; 2018 |
Healthy lifestyle promotion |
App (Ohmage) |
-
1.
Four daily Ecological Momentary Assessment prompts for diet, physical activity, sleep, and mood self-monitoring
-
2.
Food photo diaries
|
Face-to-face support from researchers to review the progress at 3 and 6 months |
-
2.
Feedback and monitoring
-
17.
Personalisation
|
Not reported |
None |
| Ashton 2017 |
Healthy lifestyle promotion |
Website;
App (UP);
Wearables (JAWBONE);
Social media (Facebook) |
-
1.
Website: educational content on physical activity, diet, and stress
-
2.
Wearables and the associated app: goal setting and physical activity, diet, sleep, and mood self-monitoring; motivational messages and educational content to improve step counts and sleep patterns
-
3.
Social media: weekly interactions with other participants and the research team
|
Weekly face-to-face support from reseachers and physical education teachers on tailored dietary goals and physical activity;
Resistance training band;
Dinner disc, a visual guide to assists in controlling the portion size of food |
|
Self-cognitive theory;
Self-determination theory |
Wait-list control |
| Baek 2018 |
Stress management |
App |
-
1.
Personalised psychoeducation content and behavioural techniques based on mental health status, stress level, and lifestyles (smoking, physical activity, diet, and sleep)
-
2.
Daily mood and lifestyle self-monitoring
-
3.
Forum function for anonymous sharing of problems and discussion of topics related to common stressors among employees
-
4.
A tool for nearby mental health professionals;
-
5.
Voice-guided relaxation training
|
Not reported |
-
2.
Feedback and monitoring
-
3.
Social support
-
4.
Shaping knowledge
-
6.
Comparison of behaviours
-
5.
Natural consequences
-
17.
Personalisation
|
Not reported |
None |
| Podina 2018 |
Weight management |
App (SIGMA);
Wearable (Pedometer) |
-
1.
App: psychoeducational content on diet, physical activity, and weight; games for coping strategies; breathing exercise; feedback report based on self-monitoring data and progress
-
2.
Pedometer: physical activity and diet tracking
|
Not reported |
-
2.
Feedback and monitoring
-
11.
Regulation
-
17.
Personalisation
-
18.
Gamification
|
Cognitive behavioural therapy’s cognitive ABC model (Antecedents—Beliefs—Consequences) |
None |
| Gleen 2019 |
Alzheimer’s disease prevention |
App (Nuerotrack MHP) |
-
1.
Psychoeducational content on lifestyle behaviours related to cognitive decline and general behaviour change concepts
-
2.
Physical activity and diet self-monitoring
-
3.
Audio-guided meditation instructions: mindfulness, stress, and sleep
-
4.
In-app chat with a health coach for participants' inquiries
|
Not reported |
-
2.
Feedback and monitoring
-
3.
Social support
-
4.
Shaping knowledge
-
11.
Regulation
|
Not reported |
None |
| Jiang 2019 |
Coronary heart disease prevention |
App (Care4Heart);
SMS |
-
1.
App: educational content on heart disease, physical activity, diet, smoking, and stress; tools including BMI and daily caloric-intake calculation, and 10-year coronary heart disease risk prediction; demonstrative relaxation video clips
-
2.
SMS: educational content on coronary heart disease prevention
|
Not reported |
-
4.
Shaping knowledge
-
7.
Association
-
11.
Regulation
|
Health belief model |
None |
| Mhurchu 2019 |
Healthy lifestyle promotion |
App (OL@-OR @);
Website |
-
1.
App: personalised goal setting and physical activity, diet, and sleep self-monitoring; in-app notifications for behaviour change reminders and culturally tailored messages on physical activity, diet, stress, sleep, weight, and smoking; referrals to friends-family members to join the programme
-
2.
Website
|
Not reported |
-
1.
Goals and planning
-
2.
Feedback and monitoring
-
3.
Social support
-
17.
Personalisation
-
18.
Gamification
|
Theoretical domain framework |
Sham control: a control version of the OL@-OR@ app for data collection |
| Oftedal 2019 |
Healthy lifestyle promotion |
App (Balanced);
SMS |
-
1.
App: educational content and goal setting on physical activity, diet, and sleep with immediate feedback; physical activity, diet, sleep, and weight self-monitoring
-
2.
SMS: weekly educational content on weight loss
|
Participant handbook;
Weekly email summaries based on app entries |
-
1.
Goals and planning
-
2.
Feedback and monitoring
-
4.
Shaping knowledge
-
11.
Personalization
|
Self-cognitive theory;
Self-regulatory theory |
Wait-list control |
| Brindal 2019 |
Weight management |
App (MotiMate) |
-
1.
Weight, diet, physical activity self-monitoring with immediate feedback
-
2.
Weekly summaries of self-monitoring data in terms of success and areas for improvement
-
3.
Mood monitoring with a workshop feature to develop relevant coping skills
|
Phone support from registered dietitian and/or psychologists if participants classified as weight gain and/or highly negative mood |
-
1.
Goals and planning
-
2.
Feedback and monitoring
-
3.
Social support
-
11.
Regulation
-
17.
Personalisation
|
Conservation of resources; Self-regulation theory |
Sham control: a control version of MotiMate app with limited feedback and no encouraging features |
| Lyzwinski 2019 |
Weight management |
App (My Student Mindfulness) |
-
1.
Educational content on stress, healthy lifestyles, mindfulness, breathing, and meditation
-
2.
Daily informal mindfulness practice and journaling
-
3.
Games for stress reduction
-
4.
App notifications during eating times to maximise mindful eating opportunities
|
Not reported |
|
Not reported |
|
| Torres 2020 |
Employee wellness promotion |
Wearables (Fitbit);
Website (Qualtrics) |
|
Not reported |
-
2.
Feedback and monitoring
|
Not reported |
None |
| Bonn 2022 |
Healthy lifestyle promotion |
App (Health Integrator) |
-
1.
Six domains: diet, physical activity, sleep, stress, alcohol, and tobacco use
-
2.
Weekly personalised goal setting with health coaching and progress tracking
-
3.
Free offers for different apps based on different domain topics
|
Phone support from a health coach every 4 weeks throughout the intervention |
|
Not reported |
Wait-list control |
| Cantisano 2022 |
Healthy lifestyle promotion |
Social media (WhatsApp, YouTube channel);
App (Headspace, Insight timer, Fabulous) |
-
1.
WhatsApp: reminders, challenges, or continuation messages on physical activity, diet and psychological wellbeing
-
2.
YouTube channel: informative capsules or videos on healthy eating and physical activity
-
3.
Apps: options including healthy eating, mindfulness, and physical activity
|
Three sessions of mindful practice via Zoom |
|
Not reported |
None |
| Yuan 2022 |
Healthy lifestyle promotion |
App (My Wellness Coach) |
-
1.
Personalised goal setting for lifestyle behaviour change
-
2.
Educational content on physical activity, diet, spirituality, resilience, relationships, sleep, and environment
|
Five people used the app in the group setting led by a health coach; 36 people used the app individually with one onboarding session and one Q&A session |
-
1.
Goals and planning
-
3.
Social support
-
4.
Shaping knowledge
-
17.
Personalisation
|
Health belief model; Theory of planned behaviour;
Transtheoretical model |
None |
| Wilson 2023 |
Cardiovascular disease prevention |
App (TeamBuildr) |
-
1.
Personalised physical activity programme by a novel evidence-based allocation algorithm.
-
2.
Weekly education content on healthy eating, physical activity, and sleep hygiene
-
3.
Daily goal setting for healthy eating and sleep hygiene
|
Not reported |
|
Not reported |
Wait-list control |
|
Targeted people at risk ofnon-communicable diseases and mental disorders
|
| Napolitano 2013 |
Weight management |
Social media (Facebook);
SMS;
Wearables (Pedometer) |
-
1.
Social media: education content on self-monitoring, physical activity, diet, stress, social support and relapse prevention; healthy activity event invitations
-
2.
SMS: diet, physical activity, and weight self-monitoring with immediate feedback; educational content on high risk behaviours; weekly personalised feedback report on weight, calories intake, and physical activity
-
3.
Wearables: physical activity tracking
|
Face-to-face support from researchers on weight loss;
Weekly support from support buddy to boost self-monitoring compliance |
-
1.
Goals and planning
-
2.
Feedback and monitoring
-
3.
Social support
-
4.
Shaping knowledge
-
11.
Regulation
-
17.
Personalisation
|
Not reported |
Wait-list control |
| Norton 2015; Hartin 2016; Schiwal 2020 |
Alzheimer’s disease prevention |
App (The Grey Matters);
Wearables
(Nike monitor);
Website |
-
1.
App: educational content and daily self-report on physical activity, diet, social, sleep, cognitive, and stress; feedback on performance
-
2.
Wearables: physical activity tracking
-
3.
Website: educational content as the app provided and supporting materials for the use of study technologies
|
Weekly email or text message support from a health coach (student intern) |
-
1.
Goals and planning
-
2.
Feedback and monitoring
-
3.
Social support
-
4.
Shaping knowledge
-
5.
Natural consequences
-
10.
Reward and threat
-
11.
Regulation
-
17.
Personalisation
-
18.
Gamification
|
Transtheoretical model of change |
Wait-list control |
| Block 2015 |
Diabetes prevention |
Website (Alive-PD);
SMS;
App (Alive-PD) |
-
1.
App and website: weekly personalised goals setting and progress tracking on diet, physical activity, and psychosocial; interactions with other participants by sending motivational and personalised messages or inviting them to receive weekly emails with educational content
-
2.
SMS: bi-weekly educational content with quizzes covering physical activity, diet, stress, and sleep
|
Interactive Voice Response technology: personalised phone coaching every 2 weeks;
Personalised education materials |
-
1.
Goals and planning
-
3.
Social support
-
6.
Comparison of behaviour
-
10.
Reward and threat
-
11.
Regulation
-
17.
Personalization
-
18.
Gamification
|
Learning theory;
Models centreing on cues and triggers;
Social cognitive theory;
Theory of planned behaviour;
Behavioural economics;
Positive psychology |
Wait-list control |
| Lin 2015 |
Weight management |
SMS |
-
1.
Goal setting on physical activity and diet
-
2.
Educational content on cognitive, behaviours, and emotions
-
3.
Daily interactive messages for self-reporting current weight, motivation level, or a specific health behaviour with immediate feedback
|
Face-to-face support from registered dietitian-physicians (baseline and at 6 months) on weight control plan, feedback, or health status |
-
1.
Goals and planning
-
2.
Feedback and monitoring
-
3.
Social support
-
7.
Association
-
17.
Personalisation
|
Health belief model;
Transtheoretical model of change;
Self-regulation theory |
Standard care: two dietitian visits and one study physician visit; education materials; a digital pedometer |
| Mattila 2016; Jarvela- Reijonen 2018; Jarvela- Reijonen 2020 |
Psychological flexibility improvement |
App (Oiva) |
|
Not reported |
|
Acceptance and commitment therapy theory |
After intervention, one group session about acceptance and commitment therapy and Internet-based lifestyle coaching programme |
| Stahl 2020 |
Depression prevention |
App (diary-like app) |
-
1.
Personalised goals on physical activity, diet, and sleep
-
2.
Physical activity, diet, and sleep self-monitoring with feedback
|
Weekly phone support from researchers to boost confidence and intrinsic motivation;
Printed educational materials |
|
Not reported |
Standard care: medical or grief specialty care as needed |
| Puntpanich 2020 |
Cardiovascular disease prevention |
App (Chicken LOF) |
Physical activity, mood, sleep, and diet self-monitoring via a virtual chick |
Face-to-face support from physicians at baseline to provide personalised advice on diet and physical activity |
-
2.
Feedback and monitoring
-
11.
Regulation
|
Not reported |
Standard care: general physical consultation on diet and physical activity |
Duncan 2020;
Fenton 2021 |
Weight management |
App (Balanced);
Wearables (Fitbit);
SMS;
Calorie counting platform |
-
1.
App: educational content and goal setting on physical activity, diet, sleep with immediate feedback; physical activity, diet, sleep, and weight self-monitoring
-
2.
SMS: weekly educational content on weight loss (other intervention group only had contents on physical activity and diet)
|
Face-to-face support from registered dietitian at baseline to get personalised dietary advice;
Body weight scale;
Participant handbook;
Weekly email summaries |
-
1.
Goals and planning
-
2.
Feedback and monitoring
-
4.
Shaping knowledge
-
7.
Association
-
11.
Personalisation
|
Self-cognitive theory;
Self-regulatory theory |
Wait-list control |
| Nezami 2021 |
Weight management |
App (PATH, Fitbit);
Wearable (Fitbit);
SMS |
-
1.
App: educational content on physical activity, diet, sedentary behaviour, stress management, and relapse prevention; daily self-monitoring data with goal tracking and automated feedback
-
2.
Wearable: physical activity and diet goal setting and tracking
-
3.
SMS: motivation, feedback, and reminders (3–4 times per week)
|
Body weight scale |
-
1.
Goals and planning
-
2.
Feedback and monitoring
-
10.
Reward and threat
-
11.
Regulation
-
17.
Personalisation
|
Social cognitive theory |
Shame control: the only difference, compared to intervention group was the dietary self-monitoring tool |
| Drew 2021; Young 2021; Drew 2022 |
Weight management |
Website (SHED-IT);
SMS;
App (MyFitness Pal) ∗ optional |
-
1.
Website: educational content on weight, physical activity, diet, sleep, and cognitive behaviour therapy-based mental fitness
-
2.
SMS: weekly educational messages related to website content
|
Phone support from registered psychologists if they had symptom exacerbation or any suicidal ideation (7 times maximum);
Programme handbook;
Logbook for recoding the progress |
-
2.
Feedback and monitoring
-
3.
Social support
-
17.
Personalisation
|
Social cognitive theory |
Wait-list control |
| Napolitano 2021 |
Weight management |
App (BeFAB);
Social media (Facebook);
SMS |
-
1.
App: educational content and in-app messages on physical activity, diet, weight, stress; weight self-monitoring with feedback; weekly goal setting on physical activity and diet
-
2.
Social media: interactions with other participants and the research team
-
3.
SMS: weekly motivational messages and reminders on educational content or weekly goal update
|
Not reported |
-
1.
Goals and planning
-
2.
Feedback and monitoring
-
3.
Social support
-
4.
Shaping knowledge
-
6.
Comparison of behaviours
-
11.
Regulation
-
18.
Gamification
|
Not reported |
Standard care: educational materials on healthy behaviours and weight monitoring |
| Didehban 2022 |
Metabolic syndrome prevention |
SMS |
Daily messages on physical activity, diet, or stress |
Not reported |
-
4.
Shaping knowledge
-
5.
Natural consequences
|
Not reported |
No-intervention |
| Nakata 2022 |
Weight management |
App (CALO mama Plus) |
-
1.
Daily tracking of weight, diet, exercise, mood, and sleep quality with graphic trends and app feedback
-
2.
Weight-loss courses and auto-set weight-loss goals and targets of energy, nutrient, and physical activity based on user data.
-
3.
Meal logging with AI detection and nutrient calculation.
|
Not reported |
-
1.
Goals and planning
-
2.
Feedback and monitoring
-
4.
Shaping knowledge
-
17.
Personalisation
|
Not reported |
Wait-list control |
| Thorgeirsson 2022 |
Weight management |
App (Sidekick) |
-
1.
Gamification tasks in diet, physical activity, and stress management
-
2.
Visual representation of the users’ performance and progress
-
3.
Social interactions with the group members
|
Weekly or bi-weekly fitness coaching and monthly nutrition and health education class |
|
Not reported |
Standard care: weekly or bi-weekly fitness coaching and monthly nutrition and health education class |
| Jensen 2023 |
Weight management |
SMS |
-
1.
Self-monitoring: # of servings of red foods consumed, # of servings of green foods consumed, mins of physical activity engagement, current weight, hours of sleep
-
2.
Four messages per day on diet, physical activity, and sleep utilising motivational interviewing principles
|
Face-to-face support from a clinical psychology doctoral student and a clinician at baseline to provide motivational interviewing and skills of weight control and sleep improvement |
-
2.
Feedback and monitoring
-
3.
Social support
-
4.
Shaping knowledge
|
Not reported |
Sham control: the only difference, compared to the intervention group, was the control group did not receive any content on sleep component. |
