. 2023 Dec 4;14:153. doi: 10.1186/s40104-023-00949-7

Table 6.

Behavioral observations of state events (% of total hour of observation) in Muscovy ducks fed live BSF and YM larvae provided at 5% of the expected ADFI

Behavior category	Behavior	Treatment¹ (T)			Period (P)			Week (W)		SEM			P-value
Behavior category	Behavior	C	BSF	YM	P1	P2	P3	W1–3	W4–6	T	P	W	T	P	W	P × T	W × T	W × P
Activity	Rest	64.8	61.8	63.6	62.0	64.0	64.2	69.4^α	57.9^β	1.96	1.96	1.60	0.539	0.679	< 0.001	0.016	0.188	0.410
	Stand	7.50^a	4.20^b	5.16^b	5.47^B	9.19^A	3.24^C	4.72^β	6.33^α	0.425	0.450	0.341	< 0.001	< 0.001	0.001	0.046	0.430	0.010
	Walk	2.84^a	2.04^b	2.93^a	3.30^A	2.51^B	2.06^B	2.19^β	3.03^α	0.231	0.233	0.189	0.007	0.001	0.002	0.247	0.510	0.247
Foraging	Eat	3.37^b	4.63^a	2.90^bc	4.12^A	3.02^B	3.62^AB	3.52	3.60	0.322	0.317	0.257	<0.001	0.046	0.839	0.662	0.002	0.021
	Drink	2.89^b	4.47^a	2.54^b	3.79^A	2.59^B	3.34^A	3.47	2.95	0.255	0.250	0.202	< 0.001	0.002	0.066	0.881	0.012	0.033
	Eat insects	-	3.00	3.36	-	3.18	-	4.27^α	2.37^β	0.372	0.263	0.388	0.493	-	< 0.001	-	0.092	0.493
	Peck object	2.32	2.68	2.21	2.49	2.15	2.57	2.02^β	2.84^α	0.281	0.281	0.230	0.495	0.535	0.012	0.292	0.157	0.288
Feather caring	Preen	15.2	18.3	16.2	18.7^A	12.2^B	19.9^A	13.2^β	20.7^α	1.57	1.61	1.31	0.389	<0.001	< 0.001	0.001	0.480	0.210

ADFI Average daily feed intake, SEM Standard error of the mean, C Control, BSF Black soldier fly, YM Yellow mealworm, P1 The hour before insect larva provision, P2 The hour during insect larva provision, P3 The hour after insect larva provision

¹Three dietary treatments: C: control, commercial feed; BSF: commercial feed + 5% live BSF larvae; YM: commercial feed + 5% live YM larvae

^a–cMeans with lowercase superscript letters denote significant differences among treatments (P < 0.05)

^A–CMeans with uppercase superscript letters denote significant differences among periods (P < 0.05)

^α,βMeans with Greek alphabet superscript letters denote significant differences between week intervals (P < 0.05)