Table 2.
Overview of the studies included in the meta-analysis
| Authors | Quality | Group | N | Socially salient region of the stimuli | Measure of autism characteristics |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Benjamin et al. (2014) [63] | 4 | FXS | 14 | Proportion of gaze on target object pointed to by actor. | ADOS severity score |
| Cooke et al. (2019) [64] | 2 | PMS | 15 | Proportion of gaze on social (versus non-social stimuli). | ADOS severity score |
| Crawford et al. (2015a) [65] | 6 | FXS | 12 | Proportion of gaze on eye region of faces. | SCQ total score |
| Crawford et al. (2015b) [66] | 6 | CdLS | 15 | Proportion of gaze on eye region of faces. | SCQ total score |
| RTS | 16 | ||||
| Crawford et al. (2016) [67] | 6 | FXS | 15 | Proportion of gaze on direct social (versus non-social) stimuli. | ADOS severity score |
| CdLS | 13 | Proportion of gaze on direct social (versus non-social) stimuli. | SCQ total score | ||
| RTS | 18 | ||||
| Crawford et al. (2017) [68] | 5 | FXS | 11 | Proportion of gaze on face of actors within a social scene. | ADOS severity score |
| Hall et al. (2015) [69] | 4 | FXS | 51 | Total duration of gaze on face of experimenter during social interaction. | SCQ total score |
| nsID | 19 | ||||
| Hanley et al. (2013) [70] | 6 | WS | 15 | Proportion of gaze on eye region of faces. | SRS total score |
| Hong et al. (2017) [71] | 5 | AS | 8 | Proportion of gaze on social (versus non-social) videos. | SRS social motivation score |
| Hong et al. (2019) [71] | 4 | FXS | 11 | Proportion of gaze on social (versus non-social) videos. | SCQ total score |
| Klusek et al. (2019) [72] | 6 | FXS | 24 | Proportion of gaze on eye region of face. | ADOS severity score |
| Yi et al. (2015) [73] | 5 | nsID | 26 | Proportion of gaze on eye region of face. | GARS total score |
The maximum quality rating score was six, following the removal of Cross and Hare (2013) criteria which were accounted for within the meta-analysis (i.e. sample size, appropriate statistics) or no longer relevant (i.e. comparison groups). Autism Diagnostic Observational Schedule (ADOS) [74]. Social Responsiveness Scale [SRS; [75]], Social Communication Questionnaire [SCQ; [76]], Gilliam Autism Rating Scale [GARS; [77]]