Table 5.

Comparison of secondary outcomes between two groups

	Control group (n = 50)	GDFT group (n = 50)	P value
Time to first postoperative mobilization, [day, median (IQR)]	2.5 (1.0–3.8)	2.0 (1.0–3.0)	0.025*
Serum lactate level [mmol/L, median (IQR)]
At induction	1.1 (0.9–1.3)	1.1 (0.8–1.6)	0.652
2 h after surgery initiate	1.4 (0.7–1.2)	1.0 (1.2–1.9)	< 0.001*
Blood glucose level [mmol/L, median (IQR)]
At induction	5.9 (5.4–6.9)	5.7 (5.3–7.2)	0.971
2 h after surgery initiate	7.8 (6.1–9.4)	6.9 (5.7–8.2)	0.031*
Postoperative complications, n (%)	13 (26)	6 (12)	0.072
Arrhythmia	1 (2)	1 (2)	1.000
Pneumonia	6 (12)	0 (0)	0.010*
Lower limb venous thrombosis	6 (12)	1 (2)	0.054
Wound infection	5 (10)	2 (4)	0.242
Anastomotic fistula	0 (0)	0 (0)	1.000
Hemorrhage	0 (0)	1 (2)	1.000
30 days mortality, n (%)	0 (0)	1 (2)	1.000

Data are presented as median (IQR, interquartile range), or absolute numbers (n, % percentage)

Data were compared using Mann–Whitney U-test, or Fisher’s exact test as appropriate

^*Statistical significance (P < 0.05) compared with control