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. 2023 Dec 4;21:348. doi: 10.1186/s12964-023-01373-0

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 3 — The regulatory pathways of polyamines in CRC. a Activation of the Wnt signaling pathway results in the inability of β-catenin to undergo phosphorylation by GSK-3β, ultimately leading to its accumulation within the cell and subsequent nuclear translocation. Upon entering the nucleus, MYC expression is upregulated through binding to TCF/LEF, which will increase the expression of ODC. B Excessive stimulation of the RAS signaling pathway results in the stimulation of ODC expression while suppressing the expression of SSAT. c. PI3K/AKT pathway can regulat the Wnt and Ras signaling pathways. Elevating the expression of ODC and reducing the expression of SSAT will result in an augmented intracellular pool of polyamines. The elevation in polyamine concentration frequently correlates with an unfavorable prognosis. Created with BioRender.com