Table 1.

The regulation and function of polyamine in carcinogenesis

Neoplasm type	Target gene	Regulation	Expression	Associated protein	Inhibitor	Concentration/Activity	Polyamine level	Function	Refs
OC	MYC	positive	High	ODC	DFMO	↓	↓	inducing apoptosis through regulation of AP-1 by DFMO	[67]
	/	/	/	ODC	DEMO + aza	↓	↓	Increasing anti-tumor M1 macrophages through DFMO and aza	[68]
	/	/	/	ODC	DFMO	↓	↓	enhancing the cytotoxicity of PARP inhibitors via DFMO	[69]
	/	/	/	ODC	SBP-101	↓	↓	suppressing OC via SBP-101	[70]
HCC	MAT1A	positive	Low	MATI/III	/	↓	↓	increasing HCC cell proliferation	[71–73]
	MAT2A	positive	High	MATII	/	↑	↑	activating MAT2A in turn	[74]
	/	/	/	GSK-3β	SSAT	↓	↓	suppressing tumor progression and metastasis	[75]
	/	/	/	HDAC4	Spd	↓	↑	enhancing autophagy flux	[76]
GC	SMO	positive	High	SMO	/	↑	↓	promotes H. pylori-induced carcinogenesis	[77]
	/	/	/	SMO	/	↑	↓	increasing gastric cancer risk by H. pylori-induced overexpression of SMO	[78]
	CagA	positive	High	SMO	/	↑	↓	increasing malignant transformation through CagA	[79]
	AMD1	positive	High	AMD1	SAM486A	↓	↓	suppressing tumor growth by inhibiting AMD1	[80]
CRC	MAT2A	positive	High	MATII	/	↑	↑	activating MAT2A in turn	[74]
	MYC	positive	High	ODC	/	↑	↑	activating ODC through mutant APC	[81–83]
	APC	positive	High	ODC	DFMO	↓	↓	suppressing colorectal carcinogenesis by DFMO	[83]
	/	/	/	GSK-3β	SSAT	↓	↓	suppressing tumor progression and metastasis	[75]
	K-RAS	negative	High	Caveolin-1	/	↓	↑	boosting polyamine uptake via caveolin-1 phosphorylation	[84]
PDAC	/	/	/	EP300	Spd	↓	↑	inhibiting EP300 via Spd	[85–87]
	MTAP	negative	Low	ODC	/	↑	↑	increasing ODC through the loss of MTAP	[88, 89]
PCa	/	/	/	MTAP; SSAT	MTDIA + BENSpm	↓;↑	↓	Delaying or preventing PCa recurrence	[90]
	PTEN	negative	Low	AdoMetDC	/	↑	↑	promoting tumor growth	[91]
	MYC	positive	Low	ODC	PGC1-α	↓	↓	suppressing PCa	[92]
Neuroblastoma	MYCN	positive	High	ODC	DFMO	↓	↑	inhibiting MYCN-induced Neuroblastoma initiation and progression by DFMO	[93–96]
	MYCN	positive	High	SLC3A2	/	↑	↑	increasing polyamine synthesis by regulating SLC3A2	[97]
	MYC	positive	High	ODC	DFMO + AMXT-1501	↓	↓	emphasizing the necessity of polyamines in Neuroblastoma	[98]
	MYC	positive	Low	ODC	/	↓	↓	inhibiting polyamine metabolism by glucose deprivation	[99]