Table 2.
The regulation and Function of polyamine in non-neoplastic diseases
| Non-neoplastic Diseases | Organism | Tissue | Associated protein/cytokine | Function | Treatment | Concentration/Activity | Effect | Ref(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Circulatory system | mice | vessel in gastric cancer | ODC | biosynthesis of polyamine | DFMO | ↓ | decreasing the vessel density | [100] |
| mice | artery | ODC | biosynthesis of polyamine | extracellular spermidine | ↓ | increasing NO bioavailability | [101, 102] | |
| mice | heart | TNF-α | inflammation of cardiomyocytes | spermidine | ↓ | decreasing the passive stiffness of cardiomyocytes | [63, 103] | |
| rats | heart | AMPK | activation of autophagy | / | ↑ | promoting autophagy by Spd-activated AMPK | [104] | |
| rats | heart | SIRT1 | biogenesis of mitochondrion | / | ↑ | improving mitochondrial biogenesis by Spd | [105] | |
| Alzheimer’s disease | mice | cerebrum | Arg 1; ODC | biosynthesis of polyamine | / | ↑ | inducing memory loss | [106, 107] |
| Asthma | mice | lung | SSAT; SMO | catabolism of polyamine | MDL72.527 | ↓ | airway epithelial injury | [108] |
| mice | lung | ODC | biosynthesis of polyamine | / | ↑ | airway hyperresponsiveness | [109] | |
| Obesity | mice | WAT | SSAT | catabolism of polyamine | / | ↑ | increasing lipid oxidation | [110–112] |
| drosophila | abdomen | SPDSY; SPMSY | biosynthesis of polyamine | / | / | regulating triglyceride storage | [113] | |
| mice | WAT | SSAT | catabolism of polyamine | / | ↑ | decreasing fatty acid synthesis | [114] | |
| Pancreatitis | rats | pancreas | SSAT | catabolism of polyamine | / | ↑ | increasing trypsinogen activation | [115–117] |
| Psoriasis | mice | skin | Arg 1 | biosynthesis of polyamine | nor-NOHA | ↓ | inhibiting self-RNA sensation within keratinocytes | [118] |