Table 2.
Prevalence of study outcomes across glycemic categories and adjusted associations of glycemic categories and HbA1c levels with coronary artery plaque presence, composition, presence of high-risk plaque features, maximal stenosis ≥50% and ≥70%.
| Prevalence across glycemic strata | Multivariable-adjusted associations with each study outcome |
||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Model 1 |
Model 2 |
Model 3 |
|||||
| OR (95% CI) | P-value | OR (95% CI) | P-value | OR (95% CI) | P-value | ||
|
| |||||||
| Any coronary plaque | |||||||
| Euglycemia | 631(42.5%) | 1.00 (Reference) | 1.00(Reference) | — | — | ||
| Prediabetes | 408(58.0%) | 1.59(1.30–1.94) | <0.001 | 1.30(1.05–1.60) | 0.02 | — | — |
| Diabetes | 112(68.7%) | 2.67(1.83–3.90) | <0.001 | 1.75(1.17–2.61) | 0.006 | — | — |
| Per 1-SD higher HbA1c | 1.35(1.20–1.51) | <0.001 | 1.16(1.05–1.30) | 0.006 | 1.19(1.05–1.36) | 0.008 | |
|
| |||||||
| Any non-calcified coronary plaque | |||||||
| Euglycemia | 443(29.8%) | 1.00(Reference) | 1.00(Reference) | — | — | ||
| Prediabetes | 315(44.7%) | 1.71(1.40–2.09) | <0.001 | 1.47(1.19–1.81) | <0.001 | — | — |
| Diabetes | 91(55.8%) | 2.69(1.90–3.82) | <0.001 | 1.99(1.38–2.87) | <0.001 | — | — |
| Per 1-SD higher HbA1c | 1.37(1.24–1.53) | <0.001 | 1.24(1.12–1.37) | <0.001 | 1.30(1.14–1.48) | <0.001 | |
|
| |||||||
| Any plaque with ≥1 high-risk feature | |||||||
| Euglycemia | 73(4.9%) | 1.00(Reference) | 1.00(Reference) | — | — | ||
| Prediabetes | 67(9.5%) | 1.78(1.25–2.55) | 0.001 | 1.65(1.14–2.39) | 0.008 | — | — |
| Diabetes | 24(14.7%) | 2.81(1.69–4.69) | <0.001 | 2.53(1.48–4.33) | 0.001 | — | — |
| Per 1-SD higher HbA1c | 1.26(1.12–1.41) | <0.001 | 1.22(1.08–1.37) | 0.001 | 1.24(1.07–1.43) | 0.004 | |
|
| |||||||
| Maximal stenosis ≥50% | |||||||
| Euglycemia | 62(4.2%) | 1.00(Reference) | 1.00(Reference) | — | — | ||
| Prediabetes | 49(7.0%) | 1.44(0.97–2.14) | 0.07 | 1.20(0.80–1.82) | 0.38 | — | — |
| Diabetes | 29(17.8%) | 4.18(2.55–6.86) | <0.001 | 3.01(1.79–5.08) | <0.001 | — | — |
| Per 1-SD higher HbA1c | 1.41(1.26–1.57) | <0.001 | 1.31(1.17–1.48) | <0.001 | 1.25(1.08–1.44) | 0.002 | |
| Maximal stenosis ≥70% | |||||||
| Euglycemia | 16(1.1%) | 1.00(Reference) | 1.00(Reference) | — | — | ||
| Prediabetes | 20(2.8%) | 2.39(1.22–4.71) | 0.01 | 1.77(0.88–3.59) | 0.11 | — | — |
| Diabetes | 7(4.4%) | 3.65(1.45–9.20) | 0.006 | 2.84(1.07–7.51) | 0.04 | — | — |
| Per 1-SD higher HbA1c | 1.42(1.23–1.63) | <0.001 | 1.41(1.20–1.65) | <0.001 | 1.51(1.25–1.82) | <0.001 | |
Results are presented as number (%), and as ORs from logistic regression models with 95% CIs, respectively. All models adjusted for the following covariates: Model 1: age, sex, and race/ethnicity; Model 2: further adjusted for BMI categories, hypertension, smoking status, non-HDL cholesterol, and statin use; Model 3: further adjusted for glucose lowering medications (non-insulin and insulin).
Abbreviations: CI, confidence interval; HbA1c, hemoglobin A1c; OR, odds ratio; SD, standard deviation (See Table 1 abbreviations).