Table 1. Summary of characteristics of included studies.

PCL, polycaprolactone; ABS, acrylonitrile butadiene styrene; PEEK, polyether ether ketone; FFF, fused filament fabrication

Authors	Year	Findings
Balasundaram et al. [1]	2012	Patients who receive facial allotransplants must be immunosuppressed for the rest of their lives; hence, this form of reconstruction should only be used in rare situations.
Farré-Guasch et al. [2]	2015	Additive manufacturing (AM) is the technique of connecting materials to produce items from digital three-dimensional (3D) model data, and it is a promising technology in oral and maxillofacial surgery.
Kumar et al. [3]	2022	The goal of this study was to compare the outcomes of various reconstructive procedures in 20 individuals who had segmental resection of the mandible between 2004 and 2017.
Alwala et al. [4]	2023	Within the constraints of the study, it is determined that patient-specific implant systems are an effective therapy strategy for the repair of the maxilla afflicted by mucormycosis secondary to Covid-19.
Shilo et al. [5]	2018	Three-dimensional-printed patient-specific implants (PSI) enable accurate reconstruction of anatomical relationships, as well as efficient function restoration.
Dawood et al. [7]	2015	This study examines the various 3D printing (3DP) technologies available and their uses in dentistry and maxillofacial surgery.
Hegedus et al. [8]	2022	3D printing is one of the most important aspects of digital dentistry, and it is predicted to grow rapidly. As a result, dentists must gain relevant information in order to integrate this technology into their daily practice.
Della Bona et al. [9]	2021	A qualitative analysis of papers published on stereolithography (SLA)-based 3D printing of restorative materials and their therapeutic application was conducted in a systematic review.
Louvrier et al. [12]	2017	Dental implant surgery and mandibular reconstruction were the two most common clinical indications. Surgical instructions and anatomical models were the most often printed objects. Forty-five percent of the prints were professional. The primary benefits were increased precision and decreased surgery time.
Zhu et al. [14]	2019	This paper provides a cutting-edge evaluation of new colloidal processing methodologies for the 3D printing of organic, ceramic, metallic, and carbonaceous materials. It is anticipated that concurrent advances in colloid design and 3D printing will open up several opportunities for the manufacture of new constructions not previously possible using existing technologies, considerably broadening their applications.
Kirchmajer et al. [15]	2015	This review assesses hydrogel-forming polymers that are ideal for soft tissue engineering, with a particular emphasis on materials that may be created using additive manufacturing (3D printing). The next section provides an overview of the unique material needed for hydrogel-based tissue engineering constructions.
Sharma et al. [16]	2021	The goal of this study is to explain the selection, manufacture, qualities, and uses of new biological polymer-derived implants such as silk, lignin, soy, collagen, gelatin, chitosan, alginate, and starch.
Arif et al. [18]	2022	This analysis covers present obstacles and future potential in the 3DP of PCL- and polylactic acid (PLA)-based composites that will assist biomedical engineers in meeting clinical demands.
Anadioti et al. [19]	2020	This review discusses current challenges and future opportunities in the 3DP of PCL- and PLA-based composites, which will help biomedical engineers satisfy clinical demands.
Celik et al. [20]	2023	Additive manufacturing (AM), also referred to as 3D printing, has the potential to revolutionize the industry. While there have been advances in the use of AM for dental restorations, more research is needed to develop suitable biomedical and dental materials.
Goodacre and Goodacre [21]	2022	Printing has several advantages over milled and conventionally produced dentures; nonetheless, study is needed to answer many problems. The benefits include lower printer costs when compared to milling equipment, less material waste, the ability to print many dentures at the same time, and the ability to construct intricate shapes that would otherwise be impossible to mill.
Deshmane et al. [24]	2021	Three-dimensional printing (3DP) technology is a cutting-edge tool utilized in the production of medical equipment and alloys, the replacement of biological tissues, the production of customized dosage forms, and other applications. Stereolithography (SLA), a 3D printing technology, is fast and precise, producing completed objects of consistent quality.
Sinn et al. [25]	2006	Computer advancements have improved in the diagnosis and treatment of complex congenital craniofacial abnormalities. In the treatment of craniofacial abnormalities, stereolithographic models are beginning to replace traditional milled models. Stereolithographic models have been found in studies to be highly accurate and to provide additional information in treatment planning for the correction of craniofacial abnormalities.
Chen et al. [26]	2016	A review of the methods is required in template-guided surgery, such as image processing, 3D visualization, preoperative planning, surgical guide creation, and manufacture. Furthermore, template-guided clinical applications for various types of surgeries are evaluated, and it is revealed that surgical precision has improved when compared to non-guided operations.
Matta et al. [27]	2017	In advanced implantology, the use of a surgical template is a well-established procedure. In addition to traditional fabrication, the computer-aided design and computer-aided manufacturing (CAD/CAM) workflow allows for the creation of implant drilling templates using a three-dimensional printer. A highly accurate surgical guide is required to translate the virtual planning to the oral environment.
Melnikova et al. [29]	2018	Selective laser sintering (SLS) and fused deposition modelling (FDM) technology were utilized to 3D-print textile-based structures. Although ABS has been shown to be too fragile for fine structures, hard, polylactic acid (PLA), as well as the nylon used in SLS printing, can be extremely difficult to use in typical textile applications such as garments; soft PLA, also in combination with less elastic materials such as BendLay, has been shown to be capable of reproducing some textile-based structures.
Tan et al. [30]	2016	This study demonstrated that it is possible to create patient-specific acrylic cranioplasty implants using a low-cost 3D printer. More research is needed to determine clinical applicability. This intriguing method has the potential to provide personalized medication to more patients around the world.
Lim et al. [31]	2022	This long-term follow-up study found that patient-specific titanium implants perform well when used to treat various abnormalities in the oral and maxillofacial areas. Instead of autogenous bone, a 3D-printed titanium implant can be used efficiently in the repair of the zygoma and jaw without donor site morbidity.
Mangano et al. [32]	2013	It is possible that treating severely atrophied posterior mandibles with standard-diameter root-form implants will be difficult. Bone reconstructive surgery is the treatment of choice; nevertheless, some patients may refuse it for financial reasons or owing to increased morbidity.
Thimukonda Jegadeesan et al. [33]	2022	Cranioplasty, a century-old treatment that improves structural and functional outcomes, is still used today. Surgical treatments and implant materials have evolved over time and now have a good cosmesis.
Honigmann et al. [34]	2018	Although this paper only covers a tiny portion of the research conducted in the project to construct 3D-printed PEEK PSI utilizing FFF, it does open up a wide range of possibilities for future innovation and advancement in surgical applications.
Suojanen et al. [35]	2016	The utilization of virtual surgery, patient-specific saw and drill guides, and custom-made osteosynthesis plates is fast extending from deformity surgery to orthognathic surgery. The majority of commercially available systems use computer-aided design/computer-aided manufacturing (CAD/CAM) wafers to create patient-specific saw guides.
Moiduddin et al. [37]	2023	Zygoma bone replacement with an implant is one of the most difficult operations in implant dentistry due to the anatomical structure's free-form nature. Because there are so many distinct materials and manufacturing procedures, the three most important factors in cranial reconstruction are implant design, material selection, and fabrication.
Hollister et al. [39]	2016	This paper describes the integration of image-based, multiscale, patient-specific design with 3D biomaterial printing inside a design control framework for clinical translation. We define design inputs for patient-specific implants and scaffolds and then apply image-based patient-specific design to achieve these inputs.