. 2023 Dec 4;131(12):127005. doi: 10.1289/EHP12906

Table 3.

Hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) per interquartile range increase (IQR) of energy-equivalent noise estimates ( $energy-equivalent noise level$ ; in dBA) averaged over 24-h ( $A-weighted energy-equivalent noise over 24 h$ ), nighttime ( $L_{night}$ ), or 24-h day–evening–night periods with an additional 10-dBA penalty added to the nighttime period and an additional 5-dBA penalty added to the evening period ( $A-weighted energy-equivalent noise over day–evening–night periods (24-h total) with a penalty of 10 dBA for night noise (2300–0700 hours) and a penalty of 5 dBA for evening noise (1900–2300 hours)$ ), and cardiovascular disease (CVD) incidence in the Nurses’ Health Study from 1988 to 2018 ( $lowercase italic n equals 114,116$ ; $person-years equals 2,548,927$ ).

	$A-weighted energy-equivalent noise over 24 h$ total 24-h noise		$L_{night}$ total nighttime noise		$A-weighted energy-equivalent noise over day–evening–night periods (24-h total) with a penalty of 10 dBA for night noise (2300–0700 hours) and a penalty of 5 dBA for evening noise (1900–2300 hours)$ total 24-h weighted noise
	Age and calendar year adjusted	Fully adjusted^a	Age and calendar year adjusted	Fully adjusted^a	Age and calendar year adjusted	Fully adjusted^a
CVD ( $lowercase italic n equals 10,331$ )	1.02 (0.99, 1.04)	1.06 (1.03, 1.08)	1.02 (1.00, 1.05)	1.06 (1.04, 1.09)	1.03 (1.00, 1.05)	1.07 (1.04, 1.09)
CHD ( $lowercase italic n equals 5,321$ )	1.04 (1.01, 1.08)	1.08 (1.04, 1.12)	1.05 (1.02, 1.09)	1.09 (1.05, 1.13)	1.06 (1.02, 1.09)	1.09 (1.05, 1.13)
Stroke ( $lowercase italic n equals 5,010$ )	0.99 (0.95, 1.02)	1.03 (1.00, 1.07)	0.99 (0.96, 1.03)	1.04 (1.00, 1.08)	1.00 (0.97, 1.03)	1.04 (1.00, 1.08)
Ischemic stroke ( $lowercase italic n equals 1,929$ )	0.97 (0.92, 1.02)	1.05 (0.99, 1.11)	0.97 (0.91, 1.02)	1.04 (0.98, 1.10)	0.97 (0.92, 1.02)	1.04 (0.98, 1.10)
Hemorrhagic stroke ( $lowercase italic n equals 553$ )	1.02 (0.92, 1.13)	1.03 (0.93, 1.15)	1.03 (0.93, 1.14)	1.04 (0.93, 1.17)	1.03 (0.93, 1.13)	1.04 (0.93, 1.16)

Note: Total CVD (CHD or stroke), CHD, stroke, and stroke subtypes (ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke) are shown. IQR for $A-weighted energy-equivalent noise over 24 h$ : 3.86 dBA; IQR for $L_{night}$ : 4.00 dBA; IQR for $A-weighted energy-equivalent noise over day–evening–night periods (24-h total) with a penalty of 10 dBA for night noise (2300–0700 hours) and a penalty of 5 dBA for evening noise (1900–2300 hours)$ 3.90 dBA. BMI, body mass index; CHD, coronary heart disease; MI, myocardial infarction; nSES, neighborhood socioeconomic status; $particulate matter begin subscript 2.5 end subscript$ , particulate matter $less than or equal to 2.5 micrometers$ in aerodynamic diameter; RN, registered nurse.

^{^a}

HRs are adjusted for age and calendar year, race, smoking status, pack-years smoked, family history of MI, menopausal status, postmenopausal hormone use, diet, alcohol consumption, BMI, night shift work, parental occupation, educational attainment (RN degree), marital status, husband’s highest education, nSES score quintile, region, and air pollution ( $particulate matter begin subscript 2.5 end subscript$ ).