Table 2.
Association between LoY and selected covariates among the randomly selected genotyped male HEALS participants (n = 778)
| Percentage of cells with LoY (%) |
>5% of cells |
||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Unadjusted model |
Full modela |
Unadjusted model |
Full modela |
||||||||
| n | Mean (SD) | β (SE) | P | Beta (SE) | P | LoY | OR (95% CI) | P | OR (95% CI) | P | |
| Age (years) | |||||||||||
| <30 | 86 | –0.13 (3.03) | Ref. | – | Ref. | – | 5 | 1.00 | – | 1.00 | – |
| 30–39 | 282 | 0.58 (3.30) | 0.71 (0.41) | 0.083 | 0.40 (0.33) | 0.24 | 17 | 1.04 (0.37, 2.90) | 0.94 | 0.53 (0.13, 2.13) | 0.37 |
| 40–49 | 241 | 1.04 (3.18) | 1.17 (0.42) | 0.0053 | 0.89 (0.35) | 0.011 | 21 | 1.55 (0.56, 4.24) | 0.40 | 0.89 (0.23, 3.47) | 0.87 |
| 50–59 | 135 | 1.61 (3.82) | 1.74 (0.46) | <0.001 | 1.76 (0.39) | <0.001 | 17 | 2.33 (0.83, 6.58) | 0.11 | 2.32 (0.59, 9.23) | 0.23 |
| >59 | 34 | 2.16 (3.54) | 2.29 (0.68) | <0.001 | 1.97 (0.55) | <0.001 | 8 | 4.98 (1.50, 16.57) | 0.0088 | 4.66 (0.97, 22.32) | 0.054 |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | |||||||||||
| <17.5 | 195 | 1.39 (3.78) | Ref. | – | Ref. | – | 23 | 1.00 | – | 1.00 | – |
| 17.5–18.8 | 193 | 0.86 (3.18) | –0.53 (0.34) | 0.12 | –0.29 (0.27) | 0.28 | 16 | 0.68 (0.35, 1.32) | 0.25 | 0.85 (0.37, 1.94) | 0.70 |
| 18.9–21.1 | 195 | 0.50 (2.81) | –0.89 (0.34) | 0.0094 | –0.53 (0.27) | 0.050 | 11 | 0.45 (0.21, 0.94) | 0.035 | 0.51 (0.20, 1.34) | 0.17 |
| >21.1 | 194 | 0.82 (3.63) | –0.58 (0.34) | 0.093 | –0.31 (0.28) | 0.27 | 18 | 0.76 (0.40, 1.47) | 0.42 | 1.02 (0.43, 2.42) | 0.97 |
| Cigarette smoking status | |||||||||||
| Never | 207 | 0.60 (3.36) | Ref. | – | Ref. | – | 14 | 1.00 | – | 1.00 | – |
| Former | 76 | 1.52 (3.50) | 0.92 (0.45) | 0.043 | 0.10 (0.37) | 0.78 | 12 | 2.58 (1.14, 5.88) | 0.023 | 2.81 (0.88, 8.93) | 0.081 |
| Current | 495 | 0.92 (3.36) | 0.32 (0.28) | 0.25 | 0.19 (0.23) | 0.41 | 42 | 1.28 (0.68, 2.39) | 0.44 | 2.11 (0.82, 5.43) | 0.12 |
| Education (years) | |||||||||||
| 0 | 281 | 1.14 (3.58) | Ref. | – | Ref. | – | 29 | 1.00 | – | 1.00 | – |
| 1–5 | 258 | 0.72 (3.25) | –0.42 (0.29) | 0.15 | –0.14 (0.23) | 0.55 | 19 | 0.69 (0.38, 1.26) | 0.23 | 0.81 (0.38, 1.71) | 0.58 |
| 6–16 | 239 | 0.79 (3.27) | –0.35 (0.30) | 0.24 | –0.20 (0.24) | 0.42 | 20 | 0.79 (0.44, 1.44) | 0.45 | 0.84 (0.37, 1.88) | 0.67 |
Results from linear and logistic regression models are presented for participant covariates on percentage of cells with LoY (continuous outcome) and threshold based on percentage of cells with LoY (i.e. 5%, binary outcome), respectively.
All models were adjusted for age, genotyping batch, sdLRR-chr1, mLRR-chr1, deletion status, smoking status, education status and BMI category. For categorical age, model includes categorical age instead of age. HEALS, Health Effects of Arsenic Longitudinal Study; LoY, loss of Y chromosome; OR, odds ratio; sdLRR-chr1, standard deviation of LRR from chromosome 1; mLRR-chr1, median of LRR from chromosome 1; BMI, body mass index.