Table 2.
Summary of literature review findings.
| Literature | Cases | Fever (ratio (%)) | Vomiting (ratio (%)) | Abdominal pain (ratio (%)) | Other clinical manifestations | Underlying etiology | Inflammatory indicators: leukocyte, CRP, PCT | Urine routine | Urine culture | Blood culture | Pus culture | Renal ultrasound | Computed tomography | Renal abscess location | Combined with urinary malformation | Treatment | Follow-up: renal scar and renal function |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Luo TH et al[4] | 5 | 4 | 1 | 3 | Low back pain 1 scoliosis 1 headache 1 |
UTI 3, unknown etiology 2 | Leukocyte, CRP, PCT increased 4, normal 1 | Leukocyte positive 2, urine protein positive 1 Normal 2 |
E coli 1, negative 4 | Negative 5 | – | 5 | 5 | Left 3, Right 2 |
No | Antibiotics 5 | Renal scar and decreased renal function 1, normal 4 |
| Xu YQ et al[5] | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | Diarrhea | – | Leukocyte, CRP increased, platelet decreased | Urine leukocytosis and red blood cells were elevated | Negative | Negative | – | 1 | 1 | Left | – | Antibiotics | CT showed reduced left kidney |
| Chen CY et al[6] Chen CY et al[7] |
17 | 17 | 8 | 4 | Diarrhea 1 abdominal pain 12 |
– | Leukocyte, CRP increased 17 | Urine leukocytosis 10, red blood cells elevated 6 | E coli 7, Klebsiella pneumoniae 1, negative 9 | Negative 17 | Total 4, E coli 2, Staphylococcus aureus 1, negative 1 | 17 | 17 | Left 3 Right 12 Bilateral 2 |
Right side III–V Vesicoureteral reflux 3 (VUR) | Antibiotics 13, antibiotics + ultrasound-guided percutaneous abscess drainage 4 | – |
| Cheng CH et al[2] | 45 | 45 | 20 | 16 | Hypochondriac pain 14 peritoneal signs 4 diarrhea 3 claudication gait 1 shock and pleural effusion 1 |
Acute lymphoblastic leukemia 1, normal 44 | – | – | Total 45, E coli 24, Klebsiella pneumoniae 1, Pseudomonas aeruginosa 1, Staphylococcus aureus 1, negative 18 | Total 45, E coli 1, negative 44 | Total 3, E coli 2, Staphylococcus aureus 1 | – | 45 | – | Vesicoureteral reflux 18 (total 42) Grades one to three 13 |
Antibiotics 42, antibiotics, CT-guided drainage 3 | Renal scar 21 (total 23) |
| Zhang X et al[1] | 17 | 14 | 5 | 1 | Loss of appetite 6 changes in urination 5 bladder irritation 4 oliguria 2 edema 1 abdominal mass 1 abdominal tenderness or spasm 1 |
– | Leukocyte increased 12, CRP increased 15, PCT increased 1 | Leukocytosis 11 Erythropoietic 5 Protein-positive 5 |
Total 17, positive 7, negative 10 | Total 17, positive 0, negative 17 | Total 10, positive 9, negative 1 | 17 | 8 (MRI 14, MCU 4) | – | Abnormal genitourinary system 10 abnormal ureter morphology (stenosis, dilation, or distortion) 7 repeated UTI 4 nonfunctional kidney or dysplasia 3 vesicoureteral reflux 2 kidney stones 2 renal cysts 1 |
Antibiotics 6, Antibiotics, Surgery 10 (including nephrectomy 2) Anti-tuberculosis 1 |
– |
| Bakker AM et al[8] | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | Hypertension | – | Leukocyte, CRP increased 2 | Normal 2 | Enterococcus 1, negative 1 | Negative 2 | – | 2 (negative) | 0 (MRI 2) | Left 1 Right 1 |
No | Antibiotics 2 | Decreased renal function 1 Normal 1 |
| Seguias L et al[9] | 36 | 34 | 24 | 13 | Hematuria 21 dysuria 9 touching mass 1 |
– | Leukocyte increased 25 (total 35) CRP increased 21 (total 25) |
Leukocyte or nitrite positive 23 | Positive 19 (E coli 11, Staphylococcus aureus 4, Methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus 2, Salmonella, Enterococcus, Streptococcus viridis, Enterobacter aerogenes, Proteus mirabilis) | Positive 6 (E coli 3) | Total 8, positive 7 (E coli 4, methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus 1, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus 1) | 29 | 35 | – | Total 36 Abnormal genitourinary system 11 Vesicoureteral reflux 3, Structural bladder abnormalities 3, Repeated set system 2, Neurogenic bladder 2, Posterior ureteral valve 1, Pyeloureteral junction obstruction 1, Urethral stricture 1 |
Antibiotics 24, Antibiotics, percutaneous drainage 12 |
– |
| Linder BJ et al[10] | 16 | 14 | 9 | 8 | Flank pain 9 (56%) dysuria 5 (31%) hematuria 1 (6%) |
UTI 13 Hematogenous seed 1 Unknown 2 |
Leukocyte increased 13 CRP increased 8 |
– | E coli 10 (total 13) | – | Staphylococcus aureus 1 | – | – | – | Class I VUR 2 (total 10) | Antibiotics 12, Antibiotics; percutaneous drainage 4 |
– |
| Buschel H et al[11] | 14 | 13 | 6 | 12 | Dysuria 14% (n = 2) hematuria 14% (n = 2) |
UTI 6 Hematogenous spread 7 Unknown 7 |
Leukocyte increased 10 CRP increased 12 |
– | E coli 4, MRSA 1, Pseudomonas aeruginosa 1 | MRSA 1, Penicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus 1 | E coli 2, MRSA 4, Penicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus 2 | 12 | 11 | Left 4 Right 8 Bilateral 2 |
Pyelonephritis in infancy 1 | Antibiotics 7; Antibiotics; percutaneous drainage 5, Antibiotics; open drainage 2 |
Renal scar 1 (total 3) |
| Martonosi ÁR et al[12] | 1 | 1 | – | – | Bilateral nonsuppurative conjunctivitis, weight loss, muscle pain, general discomfort, cough | No | Leukocyte, CRP increased | Normal | Negative | Negative | E coli | 1 | 0 (MRI 1) | Right | Left renal upper pole 20 × 16 mm and 8 mm cyst | Antibiotics; open surgical drainage | – |
| Constantine S et al[13] | 1 | 1 | – | 1 | Lethargy, weight loss, cough | – | Leukocyte normal, CRP, PCT not mentioned | – | – | – | Staphylococcus aureus | – | 1 | Right 1 | Enuresis, UTI, chest infections, skin abscesses | Antibiotics, percutaneous drainage, nephrectomy | – |
| Huq S et al[14] | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | Nausea | – | Leukocyte, CRP increased | Leukocytes and erythrocytes were elevated, nitrite and urine protein were positive | Negative | – | – | 1 | 1 | Right | Hernia operation | Antibiotics | – |
| Taksande AM et al[15] | 1 | 1 | 1 | Cough, anemia | – | Leukocyte increased | Normal | Negative | Negative | – | 1 | 1 | Left | Sickle cell anemia “SS” type | Antibiotics | – | |
| Cancelinha C et al[16] | 2 | 1 | 1 | 2 | Myalgia 1 chills 1 runny nose 1 cough 1 pale 1, left abdominal mass 1 |
– | Leukocyte increased 2, CRP, PCT increased 1 | Urinary leukocyte increased 1 | Negative 2 | Negative 2 | Case 2 positive (Proteus mirabilis) | 2 | 2 | Left 2 | Case 2 Mild beta thalassemia | Antibiotics 1, Antibiotics, surgery 1 |
Renal scarring 2, Normal renal function 2 |
| Baradkar VP et al[17] | 1 | 1 | No | 1 | – | – | Leukocyte increased | Protein positive, pus cells increased | Negative | – | E coli | 1 | No | Left | renal calculus | Antibiotics, percutaneous drainage | – |
| Fernandes RC et al[18] | 3 | 3 | No | 3 | Left abdominal mass 1 weakness 1 |
– | Leukocyte increased 2 | Normal 3 | Negative 2, no culture 1 | Negative 2, no culture 1 | Staphylococcus aureus 2, negative 1 | 3 | 2 | Left 2, Right 1 |
Pyeloureter dilatation 1 | Antibiotics, percutaneous drainage 2; Antibiotics, open drainage 1 |
– |
| Pampinella D et al[19] | 1 | 1 | No | 1 | Testicular radiation pain | No | Leukocyte, CRP increased | Leukocytes and erythrocytes were elevated; protein-positive | – | – | Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus | 1 | 1 | Right | – | Antibiotics, nephrectomy | – |
| Jiménez M et al[20] | 20 | 20 | 9 | 4 | Lower urinary tract symptoms 5 gross hematuria 1 diarrhea 5 |
– | Leukocyte, CRP increased 16 | 18 | 18, E coli 14, Pseudomonas 1, Klebsiella 2, Staphylococcus aureus 1 | – | – | 15, unilateral 14, bilateral 1 | 7, unilateral 6, bilateral 1 | – | UTI 1, Dysurination 6 |
Antibiotics 19, Antibiotics, percutaneous drainage 1 |
Decreased renal function 4 (total 9) |
| Wang YT et al[21] | 8 | 8 | 3 | 4 | Poor activity 1, poor appetite 3, URI 1 |
– | Leukocyte, CRP increased 8 | Urinary leukocyte increased 8 | E coli 6 | 1 | – | 8 | 8 | Left 3 Right 4 Bilateral 1 |
Vesicoureteral reflux 3 | Antibiotics 7, Antibiotics; percutaneous drainage 1 |
Renal scar 5 (total 7) |
| Summary | 192 | 181 (94.2%) | 81 (42.1%) | 80 (41.7%) | – | – | Leukocyte increased 117 (total 146, not mentioned 46), CRP increased 108 (total 130, not mentioned 62), PCT increased 6 (total 24, not mentioned 168) | Urine leukocyte increased 77; urine red blood cell increased 32, urine protein positive 27 | Positive 104 | Positive 10 | Positive 38 | Total 116, not mentioned 16 | Total 147, not mentioned 16 | Left 21 Right 32 Bilateral 5 Not mentioned 134 |
Developmental abnormalities of urinary tract and UTI 71 | Antibiotics 141, Antibiotics; percutaneous drainage 44, Antibiotics; surgery 6, Anti-tuberculosis 1 |
Renal scar 34 (total 49) Not mentioned 143 Decreased renal function 6 (total 18) Not mentioned 174 |
Note: [6,7] The kidney abscess data described in these 2 articles came from the same center.
“–” = not mentioned in the literature, CRP = C-reactive protein, MCU = micturating cysto urethrogram, MRI = magnetic resonance imaging, MRSA = methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus, PCT = procalcitonin, URI = upper respiratory infection, UTI = urinary tract infection.