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. 2023 Dec 1;102(48):e36441. doi: 10.1097/MD.0000000000036441

Table 1.

General characteristics of included studies.

No Study Group Number of participants Sex (M/F) Age GMFCS CP type
1 Ahlborg et al[5] Exp 7 4/3 32.14 ± 6.52 1 (1), 2 (4), 3 (2) Spastic diplegia (7)
Con 7 4/3 30.29 ± 5.88 1 (1), 2 (2), 3 (4) Spastic diplegia (7)
2 Wren et al[6] Exp 31 18/13 9.4 ± 1.4 1 (10), 2 (4), 3 (15), 4 (2) Diplegia (18)
Hemiplegia (4)
Triplegia (2)
Quadriplegia (7)
Con 31 18/13 9.4 ± 1.4 1 (10), 2 (4), 3 (15), 4 (2) Diplegia (18)
Hemiplegia (4)
Triplegia (2)
Quadriplegia (7)
3 Ruck et al[7] Exp 10 8/2 8.17 ± 2.58 2 (1), 3 (5), 4 (4) NR
Con 10 6/4 8.67 ± 2.84 2 (1), 3 (4), 4 (5) NR
4 El-Shamy & Mohamed[8] Exp 15 9/6 11.73 ± 0.79 1 or 2 (NR) Diplegia (15)
Con 15 8/7 11.6 ± 1.12 1 or 2 (NR) Diplegia (15)
5 Ugger et al[9] Exp 27 17/10 12.63 ± 0.83 1 (13), 2 (8), 3 (6) Diplegia (15)
Rt Hemiplegia (9)
Lt Hemiplegia (3)
Con 27 17/10 12.63 ± 0.83 1 (13), 2 (8), 3 (6) Diplegia (15)
Rt Hemiplegia (9)
Lt Hemiplegia (3)
6 Lee and Chon[10] Exp 15 6/9 10 ± 2.26 1 or 2 (NR) Diplegia (NR)
Quadriplegia (NR)
Con 15 9/6 9.66 ± 2.58 1 or 2 (NR) Diplegia (NR)
Quadriplegia (NR)
7 Katusic et al[11] Exp 45 32/13 4.7 ± 1.07 2 (4), 3 (5), 4 (3), 5 (33) Diplegia (NR)
Himiplegia (NR)
Con 44 20/24 4.97 ± 1 2 (4), 3 (6), 4 (4), 5 (30) Diplegia (NR)
Himiplegia (NR)
8 Ibrahim et al[12] Exp 15 NR 9.63 ± 1.41 1 or 2 or 3 (NR) Diplegia 15
Con 15 NR 9.63 ± 1.41 1 or 2 or 3 (NR) Diplegia 15
9 El-Shamy[13] Exp 15 12/3 9.66 ± 1.2 1 (7), 2 (8) Diplegia 15
Con 15 11/4 9.93 ± 1.1 1 (6), 2 (9) Diplegia 15
10 Ko et al[14] Exp 12 5/7 9.37 ± 2.69 1 (5), 2 (2), 3 (5) Diplegia 8
Rt Hemiplegia 2
Lt Hemiplegia 2
Con 12 5/7 9.52 ± 2.16 1 (8), 2 (4) Diplegia 6
Rt Hemiplegia 3
Lt Hemiplegia 3
11 Cheng et al[15] Exp 16 9/7 9.8 ± 2.3 1 or 2, 3 (4) Diplegia 11
Quadriplegia 5
Con 16 9/7 9.8 ± 2.3 1 or 2, 3 (4) Diplegia 11
Quadriplegia 5
12 Tupimai et al[16] Exp 12 NR 10.58 ± 2.35 1 (2), 2 (2), 3 (8) Spastic Type 12
Con 12 NR 10.58 ± 2.35 1 (2), 2 (2), 3 (8) Spastic Type 12
13 Ko et al[17] Exp 12 5/7 9.37 ± 2.69 1 (5), 2 (2), 3 (5) Diplegia 8
Rt Hemiplegia 2
Lt Hemiplegia 2
Con 12 5/7 9.52 ± 2.16 1 (8), 2 (4) Diplegia 6
Rt Hemiplegia 3
Lt Hemiplegia 3
14 Stark et al[18] Exp 24 13/11 1.58 ± 0.26 2 (11), 3 (4), 4 (9) NR
Con 24 13/11 1.58 ± 0.26 2 (11), 3 (4), 4 (9) NR
15 Dudoniene et al[19] Exp 10 6/4 8.56 ± 1.07 NR Diplegia 10
Con 10 5/5 8.7 ± 0.9 NR Diplegia 10
16 Ali et al[20] Exp 30 NR 5–8 NR Diplegia (NR)
Himiplegia (NR)
Con 30 NR 5–8 NR Diplegia (NR)
Himiplegia (NR)
17 Mohamed et al[21] Exp 15 NR 7.11 ± 0.56 2 (15) Diplegia 15
Con 15 NR 7.52 ± 0.63 2 (15) Diplegia 15

Con = control group, CP = cerebral palsy, Exp = experimental group, GMFCS = gross motor function classification scale, M/F = male/female, NR = not reported.