Table 1.
General characteristics of included studies.
| No | Study | Group | Number of participants | Sex (M/F) | Age | GMFCS | CP type |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Ahlborg et al[5] | Exp | 7 | 4/3 | 32.14 ± 6.52 | 1 (1), 2 (4), 3 (2) | Spastic diplegia (7) |
| Con | 7 | 4/3 | 30.29 ± 5.88 | 1 (1), 2 (2), 3 (4) | Spastic diplegia (7) | ||
| 2 | Wren et al[6] | Exp | 31 | 18/13 | 9.4 ± 1.4 | 1 (10), 2 (4), 3 (15), 4 (2) | Diplegia (18) Hemiplegia (4) Triplegia (2) Quadriplegia (7) |
| Con | 31 | 18/13 | 9.4 ± 1.4 | 1 (10), 2 (4), 3 (15), 4 (2) | Diplegia (18) Hemiplegia (4) Triplegia (2) Quadriplegia (7) |
||
| 3 | Ruck et al[7] | Exp | 10 | 8/2 | 8.17 ± 2.58 | 2 (1), 3 (5), 4 (4) | NR |
| Con | 10 | 6/4 | 8.67 ± 2.84 | 2 (1), 3 (4), 4 (5) | NR | ||
| 4 | El-Shamy & Mohamed[8] | Exp | 15 | 9/6 | 11.73 ± 0.79 | 1 or 2 (NR) | Diplegia (15) |
| Con | 15 | 8/7 | 11.6 ± 1.12 | 1 or 2 (NR) | Diplegia (15) | ||
| 5 | Ugger et al[9] | Exp | 27 | 17/10 | 12.63 ± 0.83 | 1 (13), 2 (8), 3 (6) | Diplegia (15) Rt Hemiplegia (9) Lt Hemiplegia (3) |
| Con | 27 | 17/10 | 12.63 ± 0.83 | 1 (13), 2 (8), 3 (6) | Diplegia (15) Rt Hemiplegia (9) Lt Hemiplegia (3) |
||
| 6 | Lee and Chon[10] | Exp | 15 | 6/9 | 10 ± 2.26 | 1 or 2 (NR) | Diplegia (NR) Quadriplegia (NR) |
| Con | 15 | 9/6 | 9.66 ± 2.58 | 1 or 2 (NR) | Diplegia (NR) Quadriplegia (NR) |
||
| 7 | Katusic et al[11] | Exp | 45 | 32/13 | 4.7 ± 1.07 | 2 (4), 3 (5), 4 (3), 5 (33) | Diplegia (NR) Himiplegia (NR) |
| Con | 44 | 20/24 | 4.97 ± 1 | 2 (4), 3 (6), 4 (4), 5 (30) | Diplegia (NR) Himiplegia (NR) |
||
| 8 | Ibrahim et al[12] | Exp | 15 | NR | 9.63 ± 1.41 | 1 or 2 or 3 (NR) | Diplegia 15 |
| Con | 15 | NR | 9.63 ± 1.41 | 1 or 2 or 3 (NR) | Diplegia 15 | ||
| 9 | El-Shamy[13] | Exp | 15 | 12/3 | 9.66 ± 1.2 | 1 (7), 2 (8) | Diplegia 15 |
| Con | 15 | 11/4 | 9.93 ± 1.1 | 1 (6), 2 (9) | Diplegia 15 | ||
| 10 | Ko et al[14] | Exp | 12 | 5/7 | 9.37 ± 2.69 | 1 (5), 2 (2), 3 (5) | Diplegia 8 Rt Hemiplegia 2 Lt Hemiplegia 2 |
| Con | 12 | 5/7 | 9.52 ± 2.16 | 1 (8), 2 (4) | Diplegia 6 Rt Hemiplegia 3 Lt Hemiplegia 3 |
||
| 11 | Cheng et al[15] | Exp | 16 | 9/7 | 9.8 ± 2.3 | 1 or 2, 3 (4) | Diplegia 11 Quadriplegia 5 |
| Con | 16 | 9/7 | 9.8 ± 2.3 | 1 or 2, 3 (4) | Diplegia 11 Quadriplegia 5 |
||
| 12 | Tupimai et al[16] | Exp | 12 | NR | 10.58 ± 2.35 | 1 (2), 2 (2), 3 (8) | Spastic Type 12 |
| Con | 12 | NR | 10.58 ± 2.35 | 1 (2), 2 (2), 3 (8) | Spastic Type 12 | ||
| 13 | Ko et al[17] | Exp | 12 | 5/7 | 9.37 ± 2.69 | 1 (5), 2 (2), 3 (5) | Diplegia 8 Rt Hemiplegia 2 Lt Hemiplegia 2 |
| Con | 12 | 5/7 | 9.52 ± 2.16 | 1 (8), 2 (4) | Diplegia 6 Rt Hemiplegia 3 Lt Hemiplegia 3 |
||
| 14 | Stark et al[18] | Exp | 24 | 13/11 | 1.58 ± 0.26 | 2 (11), 3 (4), 4 (9) | NR |
| Con | 24 | 13/11 | 1.58 ± 0.26 | 2 (11), 3 (4), 4 (9) | NR | ||
| 15 | Dudoniene et al[19] | Exp | 10 | 6/4 | 8.56 ± 1.07 | NR | Diplegia 10 |
| Con | 10 | 5/5 | 8.7 ± 0.9 | NR | Diplegia 10 | ||
| 16 | Ali et al[20] | Exp | 30 | NR | 5–8 | NR | Diplegia (NR) Himiplegia (NR) |
| Con | 30 | NR | 5–8 | NR | Diplegia (NR) Himiplegia (NR) |
||
| 17 | Mohamed et al[21] | Exp | 15 | NR | 7.11 ± 0.56 | 2 (15) | Diplegia 15 |
| Con | 15 | NR | 7.52 ± 0.63 | 2 (15) | Diplegia 15 |
Con = control group, CP = cerebral palsy, Exp = experimental group, GMFCS = gross motor function classification scale, M/F = male/female, NR = not reported.