Table 2.
Type of intervention, frequency, amplitude, dosage and outcome of included studies.
| No | Study | Group | Type of Intervention | WBV Freqency | WBV Amplitude | Dosage | Outcome |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Ahlborg et al[5] | Exp | WBV | 25–40 Hz 6 min |
NR | 3 times per week × 8 |
1. Spasticity 2. Isokinetic muscle strength 3. 6MWT 4. TUG 5. GMFM. |
| Con | RT | ||||||
| 2 | Wren et al[6] | Exp | WBV | 30 Hz 10 min |
NR | 7 times per week × 24 |
1. L3 vertebral body 2. Tibia metaphysis 3. Tibia midshaft 4. Calf muscle strength |
| Con | ST without WBV | ||||||
| 3 | Ruck et al[7] | Exp | WBV + PT | 12–18 Hz 9 min |
2–4 mm | 5 times per week × 24 |
1. Lumbar spine areal BMD 2. Femur region areal BMD 3. 10MWT 4. GMFM |
| Con | PT | ||||||
| 4 | El-Shamy & Mohamed[8] | Exp | WBV + PT | 25 Hz 10 min |
1.7 mm | 5 times per week × 24 |
1. BMD ① Femur ② Lumbar spine ③ Total body |
| Con | PT | ||||||
| 5 | Ugger et al[9] | Exp | STTEP | 35–40 Hz 3–4 min |
NR | 2, 3, 4 times per week × 4 | 1. 1-min walking test 2. 2-D postural analysis 3. US imaging 4. Sit-ups in 1 min |
| Con | No intervention | No intervention | |||||
| 6 | Lee & Chon[10] | Exp | WBV + CPT | 5–25 Hz 18 min |
2–6 mm | 3 times per week × 8 |
1. Muscle Thickness ① Tibialis anterior ② Gastrocnemius ③ Soleus 2. 3-D gait analysis ① Hip angle ② Knee angle ③ Ankle angle ④ Gait speed ⑤ Stride length ⑥ Cycle time |
| Con | CPT | ||||||
| 7 | Katusic et al[11] | Exp | WBV + PT | 40 Hz 20 min |
NR | 2 times per week × 12 |
1. GMFM 88 2. MMAS |
| Con | PT | ||||||
| 8 | Ibrahim et al[12] | Exp | WBV + PT | 12–18 Hz 9 min |
4–6 mm | 3 times per week × 12 |
3. Knee extensor strength 4. Spasticity (S/W leg) ① Knee extensor ② Hip adductors ④ Ankle plantar flexors 5. 6MWT 6. TUG |
| 11 | Cheng et al[15] | Exp | WBV | 20 Hz 10 min |
2 mm | Immediate effect | 1. ROM ① KAROM ② AAROM ③ KPROM ④ APROM 2. Spasticity ① RI ② MAS 3. TUG 4. 6MWT |
| Con | ST without WBV | ||||||
| 12 | Tupimai et al[16] | Exp | WBV + PMS | 20 Hz 10 min |
Shoulder-width apart | 5 times per week × 6 |
1. MAS (S/W score) ① Hip adductor ② Quadriceps ③ Hamstring 2. FTSST 3. PBS |
| Con | PMS | ||||||
| 13 | Ko et al[17] | Exp | WBV + CPT | 20–24 Hz 9 min |
1–2 mm | 2 times per week × 3 |
1. Joint-position sense ① Knee ② Ankle 2. Postural balance test 3. OptoGait system ① Gait speed ② Step length ③ Step width |
| 14 | Stark et al[18] | Exp | WBV | 12–24 Hz 9 min |
2.5 mm | 10 times per week × 14 |
1. GMFM 66 2. PEDI ① Mobility ② Self-care |
| Con | No intervention | ||||||
| 15 | Dudoniene et al[19] | Exp | VT + CPT | 15 Hz 5–10 min |
2–6 mm | 5 times per week × 3 |
1. ROM (R/L) ① Hip flexion ② Hip extension ③ Foot dorsiflexion ④ Foot plantar flexion 2. Spasticity (R/L) ① Knee extensors 3. GMFM D, E |
| Con | CPT | ||||||
| 16 | Ali et al[20] | Exp | WBV + RPT | 30 Hz 10 min |
2 mm | 3 times per week × 12 |
1. Biodex stability ① Over all SI ② A-P SI ③ M-L SI |
| Con | Core stability + RPT | ||||||
| 17 | Mohamed et al[21] | Exp | WBV + ETP | 12–18 Hz 9 min |
2–4 mm | days per week × 24 | 1. Biodex stability ① Over all SI ② A-P SI ③ M-L SI 2. 6MWT |
| Con | SPT + ETP | ||||||
6MWT = 6 minute walking test, 10MWT = 10 meter walking test, A-P = Anterior-posterior, AAROM = Ankle active range of motion, APROM = Ankle passive range of motion, BMD = Bone mineral density, Con = Control group, Exp = Experimental group, EPT = exercise therapy program, CPT = conventional physical therapy, FTSST = Five times sit-to-stand test, GMFM = Gross motor function measure, KAROM = Knee active range of motion, KPROM = Knee passive range of motion, M-L = Medial-lateral, MAS = Modified ashworth scale, MMAS = Modified Modified ashworth scale, NR = Not reported, PBS = Pediatric balance scale, PEDI = Pediatric evaluation of disability inventory, PMS = passive muscle stretching, PT = Physical therapy, RI = Relaxation index, R/L = Right/left, ROM = Range of motion, RT = Residence training, SI = stability index, SPT = Suspension therapy, ST = Standing therapy, STTEP = Selective trunk-targeted exercise programme using WBV, S/W = Strong/weak, TUG = Timed up and go test, US = Ultrasound, VT = Vibration therapy, WBV = Whole body vibration therapy, WeeFIM = functional independent measure for children.