Table 3.

Prediabetes progression and regression on changes in physical function from baseline^a

Variable		No. of participants	Mean changes	Comparisons using regression analysis
				Model 1	Model 2	Model 3
Changes in grip strength, kg
	Prediabetes maintenance	565	–2.75±4.84	Ref	Ref	Ref
	Prediabetes progression	251	–3.47±5.22	–0.72 (–1.46 to 0.02)	–0.72 (–1.45 to 0.01)	–0.85 (–1.65 to –0.04)
	Prediabetes regression	411	–2.54±5.01	0.21 (–0.42 to 0.84)	0.09 (–0.53 to 0.71)	0.15 (–0.55 to 0.86)
Changes in walking speed, m/sec
	Prediabetes maintenance	183	–0.18±0.23	Ref	Ref	Ref
	Prediabetes progression	69	–0.18±0.20	–0.01 (–0.07 to 0.05)	–0.01 (–0.07 to 0.05)	0.03 (–0.03 to 0.09)
	Prediabetes regression	154	–0.20±0.19	–0.02 (–0.07 to 0.02)	–0.01 (–0.06 to 0.03)	–0.04 (–0.09 to 0.01)

Values are presented as mean±standard deviation or change (95% confidence interval). Model 1: without adjustment; Model 2: adjusted for age, sex, and body mass index; Model 3: additionally adjusted for history of smoking and drinking (yes or no), taking physical exercise (yes or no), history of chronic lung disease (with or without), arthritis (with or without), and Alzheimer’s disease (with or without), diastolic blood pressure, glycosylated hemoglobin, total cholesterol/high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and C-reactive protein, and corresponding physical function at baseline.

^aThe classifications of prediabetes, diabetes, and normoglycemia were defined based on the 2021 American Diabetes Association criteria.