Table 2. Overall perioperative adverse events including perioperative respiratory adverse events, escalation of care, and mortality of COVID-19 patients and non-COVID-19 patients after propensity score matching.
| Variables | All (N = 992) | Non-COVID-19 (n = 496) | COVID-19 (n = 496) | OR or mean difference | 95% CI of OR or mean difference | ARR (95% CI for ARR) | P value | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Perioperative respiratory adverse events | 111 (11.2%) | 39 (7.9%) | 72 (14.5%) | 2.00 | 1.96–2.02 | −6.7 (−6.8 to −6.5) | 0.001 | |||
| Laryngospasm | 17 (1.9%) | 11 (2.22%) | 6 (1.21%) | 0.54 | 0.52–0.56 | 1.01 (0.96 to 1.06) | ||||
| Bronchospasm | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | N/A | N/A | 0 | N/A | |||
| Pneumonia | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | N/A | N/A | 0 | N/A | |||
| Crackle or wheezing | 4 (0.403%) | 0 (0.0%) | 4 (0.81%) | N/A | N/A | −0.80 (−0.83 to −0.78) | 0.133 | |||
| Copious secretion requiring endotracheal suction | 8 (0.81%) | 1 (0.202%) | 7 (1.41%) | 7.10 | 6.6–7.6 | −1.21 (−1.24 to −1.17) | 0.076 | |||
| High peak inspiratory pressure (25 ≥ cmH2O) | 34 (3.43%) | 3 (0.60%) | 31 (6.2%) | 11.00 | 10.5–11.4 | −5.6 (−5.7 to −5.6) | < 0.001 | |||
| Airway obstruction (chest retraction) | 36 (3.63%) | 17 (3.43%) | 19 (3.83%) | 1.12 | 1.10–1.15 | −0.40 (−0.48 to −0.329) | 0.870 | |||
| Desaturation (SpO2 < 95%) | 52 (5.2%) | 27 (5.4%) | 25 (5.0%) | 0.92 | 0.91–0.94 | 0.40 (0.314 to 0.49) | 1.000 | |||
| During anesthesia induction | 2 (0.202%) | 1 (0.202%) | 1 (0.202%) | 1.00 | 0.92–1.09 | 0 | 1.000 | |||
| During emergence from anesthesia (including laryngospasm) | 23 (2.5%) | 12 (2.42%) | 11 (2.22%) | 0.91 | 0.89–0.94 | 0.202 (0.142 to 0.262) | 1.000 | |||
| Desaturation in PACU | 27 (2.72%) | 14 (2.82%) | 13 (2.62%) | 0.93 | 0.90–0.95 | 0.202 (0.137 to 0.266) | 1.000 | |||
| Lowest SpO2 value | ||||||||||
| 90% ≤ SpO2 < 95% | 6 (0.60%) | 2 (0.40%) | 4 (0.81%) | 2.01 | 1.90–2.12 | −0.40 (−0.43 to −0.37) | ||||
| 80% ≤ SpO2 < 90% | 8 (0.81%) | 5 (1.01%) | 3 (0.60%) | 1.67 | 1.60–1.75 | −0.40 (−0.44 to −0.37) | ||||
| 50% ≤ SpO2 < 80% | 5 (0.50%) | 2 (0.40%) | 3 (0.60%) | 1.50 | 1.42–1.59 | −0.202 (−0.23 to −0.17) | ||||
| SpO2 < 50% | 4 (0.40%) | 2 (0.40%) | 2 (0.40%) | 1.00 | 0.94–1.06 | 0 | ||||
| Oxygen after PACU (> 2 hr) | 14 (1.6%) | 10 (2.23%) | 4 (0.88%) | 0.39 | 0.38–0.41 | 1.35 (1.30 to 1.40) | 0.174 | |||
| Postoperative care | 0.826 | |||||||||
| ICU | 92 (9.3%) | 48 (9.7%) | 44 (8.9%) | 0.91 | 0.90–0.92 | 0.81 (0.69 to 0.92) | ||||
| PACU | 900 (90.7%) | 448 (90.3%) | 452 (91.1%) | 1.10 | 1.08–1.11 | −0.81 (−0.92 to −0.69) | ||||
| PACU stay, (min) | 34.0 ± 22.5 | 24.9 ± 25.0 | 43.0 ± 15.0 | 18.12 | 15.43–20.81 | N/A | < 0.001 | |||
| After PACU care | ||||||||||
| Ward | 211 (47.1%) | 194 (42.9%) | 0.84 | 0.84–0.85 | 4.2 (3.97 to 4.4) | |||||
| Day-surgery center | 237 (47.8%) | 258 (52.0%) | 1.18 | 1.17–1.19 | −4.2 (−4.4 to −4.0) | |||||
Values are mean ± standard deviation, or median (interquartile range) [range] or number (proportion).
COVID-19 = coronavirus disease 2019, OR = odds ratio, CI = confidence interval, ARR = absolute risk reduction, N/A = not applicable, SpO2 = oxygen saturation, PACU = post-anesthesia care unit, ICU = intensive care unit.