Table 3.

Cost-effectiveness of childhood non-National Immunization Program vaccines in China

	Vaccine	No addition of non-programme vaccines (status quo scenario)		Addition of non-programme vaccines		Difference		ICER at market price ($/QALY)*	ICER at 50% reduced market price ($/QALY)†
		Costs ($ million)‡	Loss of QALYs§	Costs ($ million)‡	Loss of QALYs§	Costs ($ million)‡	QALYs§
Lai et al (2023)26	PCV13	1389	241 602	4115	95 266	2726	146 336	18 628	8037
Wang et al (2022)27	Rotavirus (pentavalent) vaccine	1660	183 435	2825	51 585	1165	131 850	8836	1550
Zhang et al (2021)25	Hib vaccine	760	92 231	1443	6843	683	85 388	7999	4447
Feng et al (2023)28	Varicella vaccine	569	10 436	552	3492	−17	6944	−2448	−18 916

ICER=incremental cost-effectiveness ratio. QALY=quality-adjusted life years. PCV13=13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine. Hib=Haemophilus influenzae serotype b.

^*The market prices of non-National Immunization Program vaccines in 2019 were assumed to remain the same in the programme.

^†The market prices of non-National Immunization Program vaccines in 2019 were assumed to reduce by 50% after their inclusion in the programme. No changes were made to any other costs.

^‡Costs for PCV13, rotavirus vaccine, and Hib vaccine included costs of disease treatment, indirect costs of diseases, and costs of immunisation for the 2019 cohort of newborn children. Costs for varicella vaccine included annual mean costs of disease treatment, indirect costs of diseases, and costs of immunisation in 2019–49.

^§QALYs for PCV13, Hib vaccine, and rotavirus vaccine were for all newborns in the 2019 cohort in their first 5 years of life. QALYs for varicella vaccine were annual mean QALY loss due to varicella disease for the entire population in 2019–49, as dynamic epidemiological modelling considered the possibility of varicella disease affecting individuals outside the vaccinated cohort.