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. 2023 Sep 9;15:350–363. doi: 10.1016/j.aninu.2023.07.007

Table 4.

Intake of tocopherols and balance of tocopherols in the rumen, intestine, and total-tract (mg/d).1

Item Diets2
 SEM P-values3
Oat D T DT Dec Toa Dec × Toa
Total α-tocopherol
 Intake 1,862 1,753 1,837 1,850 176.0 0.24 0.36 0.15
 Rumen 267 39 64 37 94.9 0.17 0.26 0.26
 Small intestine 534 648 789 790 224.7 0.77 0.34 0.78
 Feed-ileum 802 686 853 827 244.2 0.67 0.57 0.79
 Hindgut 67 −44 −266 −343 168.4 0.56 0.08 0.92
 Total tract 869 643 587 483 120.1 0.04 0.01 0.36
Natural α-tocopherol4
 Intake 819 755 780 793 77.9 0.28 0.99 0.12
 Rumen −88 −189 −213 −216 46.3 0.21 0.09 0.23
 Small intestine 349 377 480 476 131.6 0.92 0.34 0.89
 Feed-ileum 261 188 267 260 127.3 0.70 0.70 0.75
 Hindgut 55 −17 −141 −190 93.5 0.51 0.08 0.90
 Total tract 316 171 125 71 52.8 0.03 0.01 0.25
Synthetic α-tocopherol5
 Intake 1,043 998 1,057 1,056 99.6 0.25 0.08 0.25
 Rumen 356 228 278 253 58.8 0.14 0.58 0.30
 Small intestine 185 271 308 314 96.0 0.59 0.34 0.64
 Feed-ileum 541 499 586 567 120.1 0.65 0.41 0.86
 Hindgut 11 −27 −125 −154 78.1 0.65 0.11 0.95
 Total tract 553 472 461 413 69.2 0.08 0.05 0.61
RRR-α-tocopherol6
 Intake 949 880 912 925 89.3 0.26 0.86 0.12
 Rumen −120 −248 −254 −264 51.5 0.16 0.13 0.21
 Small intestine 393 446 549 552 150.0 0.83 0.34 0.85
 Feed-ileum 273 198 295 288 144.4 0.72 0.62 0.76
 Hindgut 61 −18 −181 −235 108.4 0.53 0.06 0.90
 Total tract 334a 180ab 114b 54b 59.8 0.05 0.11 0.02
Synthetic 2R-α-tocopherol7
 Intake 391 374 396 396 37.6 0.25 0.08 0.25
 Rumen 153 113 139 127 22.2 0.11 0.98 0.35
 Small intestine 68 92 100 107 32.2 0.59 0.41 0.75
 Feed-ileum 222 205 239 233 44.8 0.64 0.35 0.81
 Hindgut 14 6 −50 −53 29.0 0.85 0.06 0.92
 Total tract 236 211 189 181 25.5 0.23 0.02 0.52
2S-α-tocopherol8
 Intake 521 499 528 528 49.8 0.25 0.08 0.25
 Rumen 234 174 180 174 34.3 0.27 0.36 0.35
 Small intestine 74 110 139 131 47.2 0.75 0.34 0.61
 Feed-ileum 307 284 318 305 58.8 0.57 0.62 0.88
 Hindgut −8 −32 −34 −56 36.2 0.53 0.49 0.98
 Total tract 299 252 284 249 40.1 0.04 0.61 0.72
α-Tocotrienol9
 Intake 63 81 13 20 5.6 0.01 <0.01 0.15
 Rumen 37a 42a 5b 8b 5.3 0.25 0.42 <0.01
 Small intestine 11.4 21.5 0.4 −2.2 5.30 0.38 <0.01 0.16
 Feed-ileum 48 64 5 6 6.1 0.15 <0.01 0.18
 Hindgut 15 17 8 14 5.5 0.41 0.37 0.72
 Total tract 63 81 13 20 5.6 <0.01 0.06 0.15
γ-Tocopherol10
 Intake 244 225 228 233 23.5 0.36 0.60 0.15
 Rumen 92 54 52 51 13.5 0.15 0.10 0.18
 Small intestine 50 59 61 56 11.4 0.86 0.74 0.53
 Feed-ileum 131 113 113 106 19.5 0.42 0.39 0.70
 Hindgut −27 −42 −36 −32 9.1 0.57 0.97 0.35
 Total tract 104 80 78 88 15.6 0.10 0.20 0.16

a,b Means in the same row with different superscripts differ (P < 0.05).

1

Balance values in rumen, small intestine, hindgut, and total tract were calculated by milligram of digested minus milligram of intake, duodenal flow, ileal flow, and intake, respectively (Supplementary S1). Negative values represent the ruminal or hindgut formation.

2

Oat = whole grain oat; D = decorticated oat; T = toasted oat; DT = decorticated and toasted oat.

3

Dec = effect of decortication; Toa = effect of toasting; Dec × Toa = interaction between toasting and decortication.

4

Natural α-tocopherol originates from feedstuffs.

5

Synthetic α-tocopherol originates from vitamin supplement.

6

RRR-α-tocopherol (2R-(4′R, 8′R)-5,7,8-trimethyltocol) originates from feedstuffs and supplement.

7

Synthetic 2R-α-tocopherol is summation of RRS (2R-(4′R, 8′S)-5,7,8-trimethyltocol), RSR (2R-(4′S, 8′R)-5,7,8-trimethyltocol), and RSS-α-tocopherol (2R-(4′S, 8′S)-5,7,8-trimethyltocol).

8

2S-α-tocopherol is summation of SRR (2S-(4′R, 8′R)-5,7,8-trimethyltocol), SSR (2S-(4′S, 8′R)-5,7,8-trimethyltocol), SRS (2S-(4′R, 8′S)-5,7,8-trimethyltocol), and SSS-α-tocopherol (2S-(4′S, 8′S)-5,7,8-trimethyltocol).

9

α-Tocotrienol (2R-(4′R, 8′R)-5,7,8-trimethyltocotrienol).

10

γ-Tocopherol (2R-(4′R, 8′R)-,7,8-dimethyltocol).