Table 1.
Relationship between the fungal pollution and the questionnaire data of the studied WMs.
| Variables | Fungal contaminated | Uncontaminated | Total |
|---|---|---|---|
| Loading type | |||
| Front | 38 | 9 | 47 (94%) |
| Top | 3 | 0 | 3 (6%) |
| Age | |||
| 1–5 years | 12 | 5 | 17 (34%) |
| 6–10 years | 18 | 2 | 20 (40%) |
| > 10 years | 11 | 2 | 13 (26%) |
| WMs location | |||
| Kitchen | 31 | 7 | 38 (76%) |
| Balcony | 6 | 0 | 6 (12%) |
| Laundry room | 4 | 2 | 6 (12%) |
| Ventilation type | |||
| Window | 12 | 3 | 15 (30%) |
| Kitchen fan | 7 | 1 | 8 (16%) |
| Kitchen hood | 11 | 4 | 15 (30%) |
| Fan & hood | 1 | 0 | 1 (2%) |
| Window & hood | 1 | 0 | 1 (2%) |
| Window & fan | 3 | 1 | 4 (8%) |
| Fresh air | 6 | 0 | 6 (12%) |
| Laundry time | |||
| Weekly 1–2 | 21 | 6 | 27 (54%) |
| Weekly 3–4 | 13 | 4 | 17 (34%) |
| Weekly 5–7 | 5 | 0 | 5 (10%) |
| Monthly | 1 | 0 | 1 (2%) |
| Wash time | |||
| 10–30 min | 6 | 0 | 6 (12%) |
| 30–60 min | 14 | 6 | 20 (40%) |
| > 1 h | 21 | 3 | 24 (48%) |
| Washing temperature | |||
| 30 ℃ | 19 | 4 | 23 (46%) |
| 40 ℃ | 12 | 2 | 14 (28%) |
| ≥ 60 °C | 3 | 1 | 4 (8%) |
| Variable | 7 | 2 | 9 (18%) |
| Laundry detergent | |||
| Powder | 21 | 5 | 26 (52%) |
| Liquid | 11 | 1 | 12 (24%) |
| Both | 9 | 3 | 12 (24%) |
| Laundry softener | |||
| With softener | 17 | 4 | 21 (42%) |
| Without softener | 24 | 5 | 29 (58%) |
| Laundry bleach | |||
| With bleach | 12 | 3 | 15 (30%) |
| Without bleach | 29 | 6 | 35 (70%) |
| Drying rubber door seal | |||
| Drying with towel | 3 | 2 | 5 (10%) |
| Drying with air flow | 29 | 7 | 36 (72%) |
| Without drying | 9 | 0 | 9 (18%) |
| Pigmentation | |||
| With pigmentation | 14 | 0 | 14 (28%) |
| Without pigmentation | 27 | 9 | 36 (72%) |
| Pigmentation color | |||
| Dark | 9 | 0 | 9 (64%) |
| Yellow | 5 | 0 | 5 (36%) |
| Pigmentation site | |||
| Powder drawer | 9 | 0 | 9 (60%) |
| Door rubber | 4 | 0 | 4 (27%) |
| Powder drawer & door rubber | 2 | 0 | 2 (13%) |
| Building type | |||
| Apartment | 29 | 8 | 37 (74%) |
| Traditional house | 12 | 1 | 13 (26%) |
| Building age | |||
| < 5 years | 15 | 3 | 18 (36%) |
| 5–10 years | 10 | 3 | 13 (26%) |
| > 10 years | 16 | 3 | 19 (38%) |
| Building ventilation | |||
| Water cooler | 33 | 8 | 41 (82%) |
| Air conditioner | 6 | 0 | 6 (12%) |
| Water cooler & Air conditioner | 2 | 1 | 3 (6%) |
| House resident numbers | |||
| 1–2 | 10 | 5 | 15 (30%) |
| 3–4 | 26 | 4 | 30 (60%) |
| 5–6 | 4 | 0 | 4 (8%) |
| ≥ 7 | 1 | 0 | 1 (2%) |
| Cleaning WMs routine | |||
| Weekly cleaning | 3 | 0 | 3 (6%) |
| Monthly cleaning | 1 | 2 | 3 (6%) |
| Without cleaning | 37 | 7 | 44 (88%) |
| Total WMs | 41 (82%) | 9 (18%) | 50 (100%) |