Table 2.
Demographics and clinical characteristics of participants with a positive and negative BinaxNOW Streptococcus pneumonaie antigen test.
| Characteristics | Number of observations | Pneumococcal antigen + (n = 18) | Pneumococcal antigen –(n = 78) | P- value | OR (95%CI) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean age in years, (SD) | 96 | 43.9 (18) | 46.1 (16) | 0.61 | – |
| Female, n (%) | 96 | 9 (50) | 38 (49) | 0.92 | 1.05 (0.38–2.93) |
| Black, n (%) | 96 | 17 (94) | 77 (99) | 0.25 | 2.13 (0.51–8.72) |
| Current smoking, n (%) | 96 | 5 (28) | 18 (23) | 0.67 | 1.28(0.40–4.08) |
| Alcohol, n (%) | 96 | 6 (33) | 17 (22) | 0.30 | 1.79 (0.58–5.5) |
| Antibiotic use, n (%) | 96 | 13 (72) | 72 (92) | 0.02 | 0.21 (0.57–0.82) |
| Days between the collection of urine and the first day of antibiotic use | 96 | 0.16 | |||
| 0 days, n (%) | 39 | 10 (56) | 29 (37) | 0.47 (0.17–1.34) | |
| 1 day, n (%) | 31 | 3 (17) | 28 (36) | ||
| 2 days, n (%) | 19 | 5 (28) | 14 (18) | ||
| 3 days, n (%) | 7 | 0 | 7 (9) | ||
| Clinical features | 96 | ||||
| Fever, n (%)* | 96 | 13 (72) | 46 (59) | 0.30 | 1.81 (0.58–5.58) |
| Cough, n (%) | 96 | 17 (94) | 76 (97) | 0.51 | 0.45 (0.38–5.2) |
| Shortness of breath, n (%) | 96 | 16 (89) | 69 (88) | 0.956 | 1.04 (0.2–5.3) |
| Chest pain, n (%) | 96 | 15 (83) | 55 (71) | 0.27 | 2.09 (0.55–7.9) |
| Malaise, n (%) | 96 | 17 (94) | 73 (94) | 0.89 | 1.16 (0.13–10.6) |
| Headache, n (%) | 96 | 9 (50) | 36 (46) | 0.77 | 1.16 (0.41–3.25) |
| Comorbid conditions | |||||
| HIV positive, n (%) | 96 | 14 (78) | 49 (63) | 0.12 | 0.99 (0.97–1.01) |
| COPD, n (%) | 96 | 0 | 3 (4) | 0.40 | – |
| Asthma, n (%) | 96 | 0 | 3 (4) | 0.40 | – |
| Diabetes mellitus, n (%) | 96 | 0 | 7 (9) | 0.19 | – |
| C-Reactive proteins, ** | |||||
| Mean CRP, SD | 72 | 186 (36) | 140 (16) | 0.26 | – |
| < 40mg/l, n (%) | 72 | 2/12 (17) | 15/60 (25) | 0.53 | 0.60 (0.12–3.05) |
| ≥ 40mg/l, n (%) | 72 | 10/12 (83) | 45/60 (75) | ||
| Full blood count** | |||||
| Mean white cell count, SD | 88 | 11.84 (2.08) | 11.36 (0.79) | 0.81 | |
| Mean hemoglobin blood, SD | 88 | 9.80 (0.8) | 11.78 (0.28) | 0.0078 | – |
| Mean platelet count, SD | 89 | 287.67 (27.76) | 320.94 (20.31) | 0.48 | – |
| Mean Neophiles count, SD | 13 | 1.35 | 94.67 (79) | ND | |
| Mean lymphocyte count, SD | 13 | 1.21 | 9.03 (6.32) | ND | |
OR Odds ratio, CI Confidence interval, SD Standard deviation, COPD Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
p-values from Chi-squared and Student t-test. – Not done: the odds ratio was not calculated for continuous variables or variables with no observations.
*Fever was defined as a temperature of more than 37.5 °C.
**Data unknown for some participants.
ND: Too few observations to calculate p-value.