Table 2.
Various RSM applications in the research of the ICE.
| Group | Fuel Type | Engine Type | Input Factor (Independent Variable) | Output Response (Dependent Variable) | XY Design | Run | Optimization | Overall Desirability | POAE (%) | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Engine Parameters | DF | CI, 4 S, 1-cyl, DI, AC | ES, EL, IT | BSFC, HC, NOx, smoke, noise | 34,4,3 FFD | 48 | ES: 2076 rpm, EL: 5.6 N m, IT: 26 °CA bTDC | – | – | [66] |
| DF | CI, DI | CR, IT, IP, EGT | Pmax, NOx, smoke | 43 BBD | 27 | CR: 14.25, IP: 1153.15 bar, IT: 13.69 °CA bTDC, EGR: 16.91 %. | 0.95 | <10 | [67] | |
| DF | CI, 1-cyl, DI | IP, BP, IT, EGR | BSFC, NOx, PM | 4 FrFD | 12 | IP: 90 MPa, BP: 155.1 kPa, IT: 1 °CA aTDC, EGR: 21.4 % | – | – | [68] | |
| Alcohols | DF-Water hyacinth plant (Eichhornia crassipes) bio-Eth | CI, 4 S, 1-cyl, WC, VCR | EL, CR, IP | Pmax | 33 CCD | 20 | FB: 5 %, 10 % | – | <2 | [69] |
| DF-Hydrous Eth | RCCI, 4 S, 1-cyl, DI | SOIC2, Inj1Fr, FEF, Prail, Pint, Dwell, Tint, EGR | CO, CO2, HC, NOx, smoke | FrFD | <60 | – | – | – | [70] | |
| GF-Bio-Eth (potato peel wastes) | SI, 4 S, 4-cyl | FB, ES | Torque, Bp, BSFC, CO, CO2, HC, NOx | 25 CCRD | 45 | FB: 10 %, ES: 3000 rpm | 0.98 | <4 | [71] | |
| GF-Eth | SI, 4 S, 1-cyl, AC, NA | FB, EL, ES | FCE, CO, NOx | 33 BBD | 17 | Eth: 3.92–4.12 %, EL: 30 %, ES: 57 km/h | 0.72 | <11 | [72] | |
| GF-Iso-Bu | CI, 4 S, 1-cyl, DI, NA | IP, IT, EGR | BSFC, BTE, CO2, NOx, smoke | 33 FFD | 27 | IP: 240 bar, IT: 23 °CA bTDC, EGR: 30 % | 0.969 | 4 | [73] | |
| GF-2-Bu | SI, 4 S, 4-cyl, IDI, NA | FB, ES | Bp, BMEP, BSFC, BTE, CO, CO2, HC, NOx | – | 13 | FB: Bu15, ES: 3205 rpm | 0.8 | <10 | [74] | |
| GF-Fusel oil | SI, 1-cyl, WC, IDI | FB, EL | Torque, BSFC, BTE, CO, HC, NOx | 25 - | 13 | FB: 25 %, EL: 47.21 % | 0.63 | <4 | [75] | |
| GF-Fusel oil | SI, 4 S, 4-cyl, IDI, NA | FB, EL, ES | Bp, BSFC, BTE, CO, HC, NOx | 34 UDD | 64 | FAWE: 20 %, EL: 55.4 %, ES: 4499 rpm | 0.707 | <5 | [76] | |
| GF-n-Oct | CI, 4 S, 1-cyl, DI, WC | FB, EGR, IT | Smoke, NOx, BTE, BSFC, | 33 FFD | 27 | FB: 17 %, EGR: 10 %, IT: 20 °CA bTDC | 0.967 | <4 | [77] | |
| DF- Bu, Pe, Prop | CI, 4 S, 1-cyl, DI, NA | FB, IT, EGR | Smoke, NOx, HC, CO, BTE, BSFC, | 33 FFD | 27 | FB: n-propanol, IT: 25 °CA bTDC, EGR: 30 % | 0.965 | <14 | [78] | |
| Biofuel | DF-Hermetia illucens larvae oil | CI, 4 S, 1-cyl, DI | FB, EL | Bp, BMEP, BSFC, CO, CO2, HC, NOx | 25 - | 25 | FB: 6.43 %, EL: 92.72 % | 0.819 | <7.5 | [79] |
| DF-Waste biomass pyrolysis oil | CI, 1-cyl, DI, WC | FB, CR, EL | BSFC, BTE, CO, CO2, HC, NOx, smoke | 33 FFD | 27 | FB: 20 %, CR: 18, EL: 100 % | 0.7018 | 5 | [80] | |
| DF-Waste plastic pyrolysis oil | CI, 4 S, 6-cyl, DI, WC, NA | FB, EL, ES | Torque | 22,4,5 FFD | 60 | – | – | 10 | [81] | |
| Biodiesel | DF-Bd | CI, 4-cyl, DI | FB, EL, ES | HC, CO, NOx | 35 CCRD | – | FB: 77.8 %, EL: 41.25 %, ES: 2800 rpm | – | – | [82] |
| DF-Argemone Mexicana (FAME) | CI, 4 S, 1-cyl, VCR | FB, EL, CR | BSFC, BTE, CO, HC, NOx | 34 FFD | 64 | FB: 20 %, EL:9.8 kg, CR:18 | 0.97 | 8 | [83] | |
| DF-Calophyllum inophyllum (FAME) | CI, 4 S, 1-cyl, VCR, WC | EL, CR | BSFC, ηmech, BTE | 24,5 UDD | 20 | EL: 6 kg, CR: 18 | – | <7 | [84] | |
| Canola oil (FAME) | CI, 4 S, 4-cyl, DI, TC | ES, IT | Torque, Bp, BMEP, BSFC, BTE, EGT, O2, NOx, CO2, CO, LAC | 23 CCFCD | 9 | – | – | – | [85] | |
| DF-Cassia tora (FAME) | CI, 4 S, 1-cyl, DI | FB, EL, IT, IP | BTE, HC, NOx | 45 CCRD | 31 | FB: 40 %, EL: 47 %, IT: 15 °CA bTDC, IP: 221 bar | 0.967 | 5 | [86] | |
| DF-Hazelnut oil (FAME) | CI, 4 S, 4-cyl, DI, TC | IT, ES | Bp, BSFC, BTE, EGT, NOx, CO2, CO, smoke | 23 CCFCD | 9 | – | – | – | [87] | |
| Honge oil (Bd) | CI, 4 S, 1-cyl, CRDI, WC | EGR, IP, IT | Pmax, HRR, ID, CD, BTE, CO, HC, NOx, smoke, | 33 FFD | 27 | EGR: 21 %, IP: 900 bar, IT: 10° CA bTDC | – | – | [88] | |
| DF-Honge (FAME) | CI, 4 S,1-cyl, WC | FB, EL, IT, CR | BTE, NOx | 43 CCD | 31 | EL: 86.3 %, FB: 15 %, CR: 16, IT: 26.24 °CA bTDC | 0.6342 | <4 | [89] | |
| Jatropha (Bd) | CI, 1-cyl, DI, WC | 10 parameters | BTE | 102 TD | 16 | – | – | – | [90] | |
| DF-Jatropha curcas shell bio-oil (pyrolysis) | CI, 4 S, 1-cyl, WC, VCR | FB, CR, EL | BSFC, BTE, CO, CO2, HC | 33 CCD | 20 | FB: 12.22 %, CR: 18, EL: 6.665 kg | 0.786 | <27 | [91] | |
| DF-Jatropha curcas (Bd) | CI, 4 S, 4-cyl, DI | EL, IP, IT, II | BSFC, BTE, CO, HC, NOx, soot | 43 FFD | 81 | EL: 65.71 %, IP: 160 MPa, IT: 4.02 °CA bTDC, II: 4.40 °CA | 0.866 | <6 | [92] | |
| DF-Jatropha curcas (Bd) | CI, 4-cyl, WC, TC | IP, IT, II | NOx, HC, BSFC, BTE, soot | 33 FrFD | 80 | IP: 134.11 MPa, IT: 6.4 °CA bTDC, II: 5.8 °CA | 0.967 | <4 | [93] | |
| DF-Jatropha (Bd) | CI, 4 S, 1-cyl, DI, WC, VCR | FB, EL, CR | Pmax, BSFC, BTE, CO, HC, NOx, smoke | 35 CCRD | 20 | FB: 17.35–22.63 %, EL: 7.98–11.62 N m, CR: 14.92–15.80 | – | <5 | [49] | |
| DF-Mahua oil (FAEE) | CI, 4 S, 1-cyl, DI, WC, VCR | CR, FB, EL, IT, ES | BSFC, BTE, Pmax, CO, HC, NOx, smoke | 55 CCRD | 32 | FB: 23 %, EL: 75 %, IT: 345 CAD, ES: 2920 rpm, CR: 15.50 |
0.7364 | <2 | [94] | |
| DF-Pongamia (FAME) | CI, 2-cyl, DI, WC, NA | IP, IT, NTP | BSEC, BTE, CO, HC, NOx, smoke | 35,5,3 FrFD | 50 | IP: 225 bar, IT: 21 °CA BTDC, NTP: 2.5 mm | 0.98 | <3 | [48] | |
| DF-Pongamia (FAME) | CI, 4 S, 1-cyl, DI | FB, IP, IT, EL | BTE, HC, NOx | 45 CCRD | 31 | FB: 40 %, IP: 196.36 bar, IT: 15 °CA bTDC, EL: 53 % | 0.967 | <5 | [95] | |
| DF-WCO (FAEE) | CI, 4 S, 1-cyl, DI, NA, AC | FB, EL | ηEnergy, ηExergy, EGT | 211,10 - | – | EL: 25–30 % | – | – | [96] | |
| DF-WCO (FAME) | CI, 4 S, 4-cyl, DI, TC, WC, NA | FB, EL, ES | Torque, Bp, BSFC | 35 CCRD | 20 | – | – | – | [97] | |
| DF-WCO (FAME) | CI, 4 S, 1-cyl, DI | CR, IP, IT | BTE, BSFC, EGT, smoke | 34,3,3 HDD | 36 | CR: 17.99, IP: 250 bar, IT: 27°CA bTDC | 0.778 | – | [98] | |
| Additive | DF-DEE, DMC, DGM | CI, 1-cyl, DI, AC, NA | FT, FB, IT | BSFC, BTE, CO, HC, NOx, smoke | 33 TD | 9 | FT: DGM, FB: 10 %, IT: 21 °CA bTDC | – | – | [99] |
| DF-DMC, iso-Bu, n-Pe | CI, 4 S, 1-cyl, DI, NA | FB, EGR, IT | BSFC, CO, HC, NOx, smoke | 33 FFD | 27 | FB: DF-iso-Bu, IT: 22 °CA bTDC, EGR: 0 % | 0.988 | 5 | [51] | |
| Gaseous | DF-H2 | CI, 4 S, 4-cyl, DI, WC, TC, IC | FR, EL | BTE, CO, HC, NOx | 26,4 GFD | 24 | – | – | – | [100] |
| DF-Producer gas (rice husk) | CI, 4 S, 4-cyl, DI, WC, TC, IC | FR, EL | BTE, CO, HC, NOx | 26,4 GFD | 24 | – | – | – | [101] | |
| CNG - Honge oil (FAME) | CI, 4 S, 1-cyl, DI, WC | CR, FR, IT | Pmax, HRR, ID, CD, BTE, CO, HC, NOx, smoke | 33 FFD | 27 | – | – | – | [102] | |
| Ternary Fuels | DF-GF-WCO (FAME) | HCCI, 1-cyl, DI, NA | FB, EL, FR | BTE, CO, HC, NOx, smoke | 33 CCD | 30 | FB: Bd100, EL: 48.0524 %, FR: 0 | 0.7771 | <19 | [103] |
| DF- Eth-WCO (Bd) | CI, 4-cyl, WC | FB, EL, ES | CO, CO2, HC, NOx, smoke | 45 CCRD | 31 | DF: 63 %, Bd: 26 %, Eth: 11 %, EL: 80 %, ES: 2800 rpm | 0.74 | – | [104] | |
| DF-Eth -Soybean oil (FAME) | CI, 4 S, 4-cyl, DI, WC | FB, EL, ES | BEE | 45 CCRD | 31 | FB: Bd17Et8, ES: 1900 rpm, EL: 94 % | – | – | [105] | |
| DF-Bu-cotton oil | CI, 4 S, 4-cyl, DI, TC | FB | Torque, Bp, BSFC, BTE, BMEP, CO, HC, NOx | 37 - | – | DF: 65.5 %, Bu: 23.1 %, B: 11.4 % | 0.83513 | <1 | [106] | |
| DF-n-Bu-Cotton oil | CI, 4 S, 4-cyl, DI, TC | FB | Torque, Bp, BTE, BMEP, BSFC, NOx, CO, HC | 37 HDD | 7 | DF: 65.5 %, n-Bu: 23.1 %, B: 11.4 % | – | <9 | [107] | |
| DF-WCO, n-Bu, n-Pe, n-Prop | CI, 4 S, 1-cyl, DI, WC | FB, IT, EGR | BSFC, BTE, CO, HC, NOx, smoke | 33 FFD | 27 | FB: DF50-WCO30-Pe20, IT: 23 °CA bTDC, EGR: 15 % | 0.974 | 6 | [108] | |
| DF-Pe-Calophyllum inophyllum (Bd) | CI, 4 S, 1-cyl, DI, WC, VCR | FB, EL, CR | BSFC, BTE, CO, CO2, HC, NOx, smoke | 33 FFD | 27 | Pe: 20, Bd: 20, EL: 2.5 BMEP, CR: 17.5 | 0.88 | <10 | [109] | |
| DF-DEE-Aegle marmelos (bael) neat oil | CI, 4 S, 1-cyl, DI, NA, WC, VCR | FB, CR, IP, IT | BSFC, BTE, CO, HC, NOx, smoke | 43 FD | 81 | – | 0.6168 | 5 | [110,111] | |
| DF-DEE- Chaulmoogra neat oil | CI, 4 S, 1-cyl, DI, NA, WC, VCR, EGR | CR, ES, EGR | BSFC, BTE, CO, HC, NOx, smoke | 34 FD | 64 | EGR: 10 %, CR: 18.1, ES: 1672 rpm | 0.665 | <5 | [112] | |
| DF-DEE-Chaulmoogra neat oil | CI, 4 S, 1-cyl, DI, NA, WC, VCR, EGR | CR, ES, EL, EGR | BSFC, BTE, CO, CO2, HC, NOx, smoke, | 44 - | – | – | 0.628 | 5 | [113] | |
| DF-DEE-Bd | CI, 4 S, 1-cyl, DI, WC | CR, IP, IT | BTE | BBD | 15 | CR:18, IP: 220 bar, IT: 20 °CA bTDC | – | <1 | [114] | |
| DF-Calophyllum inophyllum (FAME)-BHA, BHT, TBHQ, PG, PY | CI, 4 S, 1-cyl, DI, WC, NA, VCR | IT, CR | BSFC, BTE, CO, CO2, HC, NOx, smoke | 24 FFD | 16 | FB: B20D3 CR: 17.5, IT: 23 °CA bTDC |
0.785 | 5 | [50] | |
| DF-Bd-H2 | CI, 4 S, 1-cyl, WC | FB, FR, EGR | BSFC, BTE, NOx, smoke | 33 TD | 27 | FB: 20 %, FR: 30 %, EGR: 40 % | – | – | [115] | |
| DF-Eth-Hex-DEE | CI, 4 S, 1-cyl, IDI, AC | FB, EL | BSFC, CO, HC, NOx | 2- DO | 19 | Eth: 40 %, Hex: 5 %, DEE: 15 %, EL: 95 % | – | <18 | [116] |