Table 5.

Toxic effects of the Pinellia ternata (Thunb.) Breit.

Toxic effects	Animal/cells	Extracts/compounds	Detail effects	References
Causing death	Mice	Born Pinellia (i.p.)	LD50 = 5.381 g/kg	[119]
	Mice	Born Pinellia (i.g.)	LD50 = 397.24 g/kg	[120]
	Mice	Suspension of PR powder (i.g.)	LD50 = 3.359 g/kg	[121]
	Mice	Water extracts of PR (i.g.)	No obvious death	[121]
	Mice	Suspension of PR powder (i.g.)	LD50 = 0.553 g/kg	[122]
	Mice	Suspen sion of PRPZA powder (i.g.)	LD50 = 1.23 g/kg	[122]
	Mice	Suspension of PR powder (i.g.)	LD50 = 5.38 g/kg	[119]
	Mice	Needle-like calcium oxalate crystal and PR Lectin (12 kD) (i.g.)	LD50 = 15.94 mg/kg	[121]
Inflammation causing effect	Macrophage	Different Concentrations of Poisonous Needle Crystals of Pinellia pedatisecta	Increasing the TGF-α, IL-1β	[123]
	Mice	Suspension of PR powder (0.2 g/kg, i.g.)	Inducing writhing response and celiac inflammation.	[119]
	Mice	Suspension of PR powder (0.4 g/kg, i.g.)	Increasing capillary permeability, PGE 2 and histamine in abdominal cavity;	[121]
			Inducing celiac inflammation
Conjunctival irritation	Rabbit	Needle-like calcium oxalate crystal (o.a.), 2 drops/rabbit	Tissue swelling and hyperemia	[121]

Inflammation causing effect	Rats	PR Lectin (12kD, 0.15, 0.3, 0.6, 1.2, 2.4 mg/kg, i.g.)	Increasing the contents of protein and PGE2 in peritoneal exudate;	[124]
			Inducing celiac inflammation
	Mice	Needle-like calcium oxalate crystal and PR Lectin (12kD, i.g.)	Stabbing into the mesenteric surface of mice and causing tissue swelling and inflammation	[121]
Hepatotoxicity	Mice	pinellia water extraction (62.5 g/kg, i.p.)	Increasing the ALT, AST and liver tissue damage within 2 h	[125]
	Mice	Pinellia acid water percolation liquid (1.77 g/kg, i.p.)	Increasing the ALT, AST and liver tissue damage within 2–4 h	[125]
	HepG2	Water extracts of PR (10–20 μg/mL)	Inhibiting cell proliferation, and increasing ALT and AST	[126]
	Mice	PR powder (25 g/kg, for 10 days, i.g.)	Inducing edma of hepatic cells and steatosis	[127]
Cardiotoxicity	Mice	Water extracts of PR (2.275 g/kg, crude herb mass equivalent, for 14 days, i.g.)	Inducing cardiomyocyte degeneration	[128]
	Rats	PR powder (6 g/kg, for 14 days, i.g.)	Increasing the LDH, CK, CK-MB in serum	[129]

Cardiotoxicity	Rats	PR powder, PRPZA powder (3 g/kg, i.g., for 14 days)	Causing cardiotoxicity via inhibition of mTOR signaling; and activation of the TGF-β pathway, and processing reduced the toxicity via free radical scavenging	[130]
Nephrotoxicity	Mice	PR powder (2.275 g/kg/day, i.g.)	Inducing obvious pathological changes of kidney; Inducing obvious pathological changes of heart and kidney in pregnant mice after PR administration in gestation 6.5–15.5 days	[131]
	Mice	PR powder (25 g/kg, i.g., for 10 days)	Inducing scattered focal lymphocytic infiltration in the renal parenchyma, and tubular formation in the renal tubules	[127]
	Mice	Water extracts of PR (2.275 g/kg, crude herb mass equivalent, i.g., for 14 days)	Inducing degeneration of renal tubular cells	[128]
Inducing vomiting	Pigeon	PR powder (i.g.)	ED50 = 0.74 g/kg	[132]

Conjunctival irritation	Rabbit	Suspension of PR powder (27 %), Ophthalmic administration (o.a.), 2 drops/rabbit	Tissue swelling and hyperemia	[121]
	Rabbit	Raw Pinellia prepared into 30 % suspension with normal saline	100 % positive rate	[78]
		Suspension of PR powder (20 %), o.a., 0.05 mL/rabbit	Serious conjunctival irritation	[128]
Effect of Pinellia extract on airway mucus hypersecretion	Rat	The extract of PR was given 10,30,60 g/kg by gavage for 4 consecutive days.	Increased MUC5AC content; Significant reduction of AQP-5 mRNA TNF-α	[46]
Reproductive-embryonic toxicity	Mice	Suspension of PR powder (36 g/kg)	Mortality 50 %	[133]
	Mice	Suspension of PR powder (6 g/kg)	Mortality 30 %	[133]
	Mice	PR Lectin (4.4 kD, 30 mg/kg, s.c.)	Anti-early pregnancy rate was 100 %; decreasing plasma progesterone level; decreasing endometrial thickness and decidual reaction; inducing embryo arrest and abortion	[3]

Mutagenic effect	Mice	Raw Pinellia and PRPCA decoction 10 d (ip)	Equally increased the incidence of chromosomal abnormalities in cells	[134]
	Pregnant mice	PR and PRPCA (1.434 g/kg)	Glycerophospholipid metabolism, amino acid and carbohydrate metabolism have different degrees of interference and produce toxic effects	[5]
		PRPCA (10 g/kg)	Can cause DNA damage, leading to maternal cell genetic material changes, resulting in teratogenic effects	[135]
	Mice	PR decoction (10 g/kg)	embryotoxicity	[134]
	Mice	PRPCA (10 g/kg、20 g/kg、30 g/kg)	PRPCA can cause changes in maternal cell genetic material; mutagenic effect on fetal cells through placental barrier	[134]
Reproductive-embryonic toxicity	Rabbit	PR Lectin (4.4kD, 500 μg/rabbit, intrauterine injection）	Inhibitory rate of the rabbit embryo implantation was 100 %	[3]
	Mice	PR Lectin (4.4kD, 250 μg/mice, s.c.)	Inducing abortion in 50 % mice	[3]