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. 2023 Dec 4;13:21406. doi: 10.1038/s41598-023-46768-8

Table 4.

Formulation of different cutting fluid emulsions using mixture emulsifiers.

Ingredients Formula I Formula II Formula III Formula IV Formula V Formula VI
Recycled vegetable oil 80 82 82 82 80 80
Emulsifier mixture
Sodium 2-alkylamidoethyl sulfate (AS) 6 10
2-(2-hydroxyethoxy)ethyl 4-((2-((9E,12E)-octadeca-9,12-dienamido)ethyl)amino)-4-oxobutanoate (NS1) 3.927 3.93 2.29 2.29 2
38-hydroxy-3,6,9,12,15,18,21,24,27,30,33,36-dodecaoxaoctatriacontyl 4-((2-((9E,12E)-octadeca-9,12-dienamido)ethyl)amino)-4-oxobutanoate (NS3) 7.71 7.71 6
65-hydroxy-3,6,9,12,15,18,21,24,27,30,33,36,39,42,45,48,51,54,57,60,63-henicosaoxapentahexacontyl 4-((2-((9E,12E)-octadeca-9,12-dienamido)ethyl)amino)-4-oxobutanoate (NS4) 6.073 6.07
N,N′-bis(2-((2-alkylamidoethyl)amino)-2-oxoethyl)-N,N,N′,N tetramethylethane-1,2-diaminium chloride (GCS as biocide and corrosion) 3 2 2 1 1 1
Oleic acid (oiliness) 4 3 3 4 4 4
Diethyleneglycol (coupling agent) 3 3 3 3 3 3