TABLE 2.
Descriptive statistics of sample participants, NHANES, United states, 2011–2018.
| Total (n = 2,268) | Unhealthy but non-substance use (n = 1,339, 59%) | Healthy but sleepless and drinking (n = 280, 12%) | Unhealthy lifestyle (n = 333, 15%) | Healthy but sedentary (n = 316, 14%) | F value/χ2 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age* | 20.87 ± 2.04 | 20.62 ± 2.07 | 21.16 ± 1.89 | 21.60 ± 1.83 | 20.88 ± 2.07 | F = 23.60 *** |
| Sex | χ 2 = 21.30 *** | |||||
| Male | 1,143 (50.40%) | 626 (46.75%) | 144 (51.43%) | 198 (59.46%) | 175 (55.38%) | |
| Female | 1,125 (49.60%) | 713 (53.25%) | 136 (48.57%) | 135 (40.54%) | 141 (44.62%) | |
| Race/ethnicity | χ 2 = 62.20 *** | |||||
| Non-Hispanic White | 711 (31.35%) | 358 (26.74%) | 106 (37.86%) | 153 (45.95%) | 94 (29.75%) | |
| Non-Hispanic Black | 543 (23.94%) | 367 (27.41%) | 44 (15.71%) | 57 (17.12%) | 75 (23.73%) | |
| Others | 1,014 (44.71%) | 614 (45.86%) | 130 (46.43%) | 123 (36.94%) | 147 (46.52%) | |
| Immigrant status | χ 2 = 35.60 *** | |||||
| Native | 1,869 (82.41%) | 1,097 (81.93%) | 233 (83.21%) | 309 (92.79%) | 240 (75.95%) | |
| Immigrant | 398 (17.55%) | 241 (18.00%) | 57 (20.36%) | 24 (7.21%) | 76 (24.05%) | |
| Household income | χ 2 = 8.21 | |||||
| High | 379 (16.71%) | 215 (16.06%) | 53 (18.93%) | 46 (13.81%) | 65 (20.57%) | |
| Middle | 729 (32.14%) | 432 (32.26%) | 91 (32.50%) | 110 (33.03%) | 96 (30.38%) | |
| Low | 943 (41.58%) | 547 (40.85%) | 109 (38.93%) | 157 (47.15%) | 130 (41.14%) | |
| Education level | χ 2 = 55.00 *** | |||||
| Less than high school degree | 449 (19.80%) | 270 (20.16%) | 30 (10.71%) | 92 (27.63%) | 57 (18.04%) | |
| High school graduate or some college degree | 1,448 (63.84%) | 849 (63.41%) | 202 (72.14%) | 215 (64.56%) | 182 (57.59%) | |
| College graduate or above | 371 (16.36%) | 220 (16.43%) | 48 (17.14%) | 26 (7.81%) | 77 (24.37%) | |
| Household reference person’s education level | χ 2 = 45.10 *** | |||||
| Less than high school degree | 422 (18.61%) | 258 (19.27%) | 44 (15.71%) | 72 (21.62%) | 48 (15.19%) | |
| High school graduate or some college degree | 1,306 (57.58%) | 775 (57.88%) | 162 (57.86%) | 207 (62.16%) | 162 (51.27%) | |
| College graduate or above | 375 (16.53%) | 207 (15.46%) | 50 (17.86%) | 30 (9.01%) | 88 (27.85%) | |
| Health insurance status | χ 2 = 27.00 *** | |||||
| Having health insurance | 1,655 (72.97%) | 996 (74.38%) | 213 (76.07%) | 205 (61.56%) | 241 (76.27%) | |
| No health insurance | 604 (26.63%) | 337 (25.17%) | 67 (23.93%) | 127 (38.14%) | 73 (23.10%) | |
| Employment status | χ 2 = 16.50 ** | |||||
| Employed | 1,344 (59.26%) | 752 (56.16%) | 191 (68.21%) | 207 (62.16%) | 194 (61.39%) | |
| Unemployed | 923 (40.70%) | 587 (43.84%) | 89 (31.79%) | 125 (37.54%) | 122 (38.61%) | |
| BMI* | 26.91 ± 7.31 | 27.19 ± 7.65 | 25.90 ± 6.19 | 27.63 ± 7.43 | 25.84 ± 6.44 | F = 5.82 *** |
| Weight status | χ 2 = 15.80 ** | |||||
| Overweight or obese | 1,155 (50.93%) | 696 (51.98%) | 128 (45.71%) | 192 (57.66%) | 139 (43.99%) | |
| Normal or underweight | 1,113 (49.07%) | 643 (48.02%) | 152 (54.29%) | 141 (42.34%) | 177 (56.01%) | |
| Depression severity* | 1.37 ± 0.73 | 1.36 ± 0.73 | 1.32 ± 0.66 | 1.59 ± 0.88 | 1.23 ± 0.58 | F = 14.50 *** |
| The presence of depressive symptoms | χ 2 = 35.00 *** | |||||
| Having depressive symptoms | 182 (8.02%) | 101 (7.54%) | 16 (5.71%) | 52 (15.62%) | 13 (4.11%) | |
| No depressive symptoms | 2,086 (91.98%) | 1,238 (92.46%) | 264 (94.29%) | 281 (84.38%) | 303 (95.89%) |
Note: *Mean ± standard deviation; *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001.