Table 1:
Comparison of the demographic, clinical, and laboratory findings among patients grouped according to IHM and unfavorable outcome.
| Characteristic | All patients (n=345) | IHM | P-value | Unfavorable outcome | P-value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| IHM (n=64) | Survived (n=281) | Unfavorable (n=213) | Favorable (n=132) | ||||
| Age, years, n(%) | |||||||
| 18–59 | 151 (43.8) | 20 (31.3) | 131 (46.6) | 0.001 | 76 (35.7) | 75 (56.8) | <0.001 |
| 60–69 | 81 (23.5) | 11 (17.2) | 70 (24.9) | 48 (22.5) | 33 (25) | ||
| 70–79 | 62 (18) | 14 (21.9) | 48 (17.1) | 47 (22.1) | 15 (11.4) | ||
| ≥80 | 51 (14.8) | 19 (29.7) | 32 (11.4) | 42 (19.7) | 9 (6.8) | ||
| Gender, n(%) | |||||||
| Male | 183 (53) | 33 (51.6) | 150 (53.4) | 0.793 | 112 (52.6) | 71 (53.8) | 0.827 |
| Female | 162 (47) | 31 (48.4) | 131 (46.6) | 101 (47.4) | 61 (46.2) | ||
| Vascular risk factor and comorbidities, n (%) | |||||||
| Smoking | 123 (35.7) | 19 (29.7) | 104 (37) | 0.27 | 69 (32.4) | 54 (40.9) | 0.109 |
| Alcohol | 142 (41.2) | 27 (42.2) | 115 (40.9) | 0.853 | 84 (39.4) | 58 (43.9) | 0.409 |
| Prior stroke | 41 (11.9) | 9 (14.1) | 32 (11.4) | 0.551 | 23 (10.8) | 18 (13.6) | 0.428 |
| Atrial fibrillation | 102 (29.6) | 36 (56.3) | 66 (23.5) | <0.001 | 72 (33.8) | 30 (22.7) | 0.028 |
| MI | 29 (8.4) | 9 (14.1) | 20 (7.1) | 0.071 | 18 (8.5) | 11 (8.3) | 0.97 |
| CHF | 37 (10.7) | 12 (18.8) | 25 (8.9) | 0.022 | 26 (12.2) | 11 (8.3) | 0.258 |
| Valvular heart disease | 22 (6.4) | 4 (6.3) | 18 (6.4) | 0.963 | 13 (6.1) | 9 (6.8) | 0.792 |
| Diabetes mellitus | 93 (27) | 16 (25) | 77 (27.4) | 0.696 | 63 (29.6) | 30 (22.7) | 0.163 |
| Hypertension | 243 (70.4) | 48 (75) | 195 (69.4) | 0.375 | 156 (73.2) | 87 (65.9) | 0.147 |
| Chronic kidney disease | 44 (12.8) | 13 (20.3) | 31 (11) | 0.045 | 30 (14.1) | 14 (10.6) | 0.347 |
| Dyslipidemia | 141 (40.9) | 25 (39.1) | 116 (41.3) | 0.745 | 95 (44.6) | 46 (34.8) | 0.073 |
| History of malignancy | 8 (2.3) | 4 (6.3) | 4 (1.4) | 0.021 | 6 (2.8) | 2 (1.5) | 0.435 |
| History of renal replacement therapy | 5 (1.4) | 2 (3.1) | 3 (1.1) | 0.214 | 3 (1.4) | 2 (1.5) | 0.936 |
| Clinical presentation, n(%) | |||||||
| Hemiparesis | 341 (98.8) | 63 (98.4) | 278 (98.9) | 0.739 | 211 (99.1) | 130 (98.5) | 0.627 |
| Dysarthria | 275 (79.7) | 53 (82.8) | 222 (79) | 0.494 | 179 (84) | 96 (72.7) | 0.011 |
| Swallowing dysfunction | 129 (37.4) | 51 (79.7) | 78 (27.8) | <0.001 | 118 (55.4) | 11 (8.3) | <0.001 |
| Ataxia | 37 (10.7) | 7 (10.9) | 30 (10.7) | 0.951 | 24 (11.3) | 13 (9.8) | 0.679 |
| Alteration of consciousness | 109 (31.6) | 54 (84.4) | 55 (19.6) | <0.001 | 93 (43.7) | 16 (12.1) | <0.001 |
| Hemianopia | 23 (6.7) | 6 (9.4) | 17 (6) | 0.336 | 18 (8.5) | 5 (3.8) | 0.092 |
| Aphasia | 132 (38.3) | 46 (71.9) | 86 (30.6) | <0.001 | 105 (49.3) | 27 (20.5) | <0.001 |
| Neglect | 62 (18) | 19 (29.7) | 43 (15.3) | 0.007 | 53 (24.9) | 9 (6.8) | <0.001 |
| Cranial nerve disorder | 12 (3.5) | 5 (7.8) | 7 (2.5) | 0.036 | 7 (3.3) | 5 (3.8) | 0.805 |
| Gaze paresis | 112 (32.5) | 49 (76.6) | 63 (22.4) | <0.001 | 100 (46.9) | 12 (9.1) | <0.001 |
| Prestroke functional status (mRS), n (%) | |||||||
| 0 | 320 (92.8) | 49 (76.6) | 271 (96.4) | <0.001 | 191 (89.7) | 129 (97.7) | 0.002 |
| 1 | 6 (1.7) | 1 (1.6) | 5 (1.8) | 3 (1.4) | 3 (2.3) | ||
| 2–3 | 19 (5.5) | 14 (21.9) | 5 (1.8) | 19 (8.9) | 0 (0) | ||
| Time to rt-PA, hours, n(%) | |||||||
| <3 h | 233 (67.5) | 39 (60.9) | 194 (69) | 0.212 | 140 (65.7) | 93 (70.5) | 0.362 |
| 3–4.5 h | 112 (32.5) | 25 (39.1) | 87 (31) | 73 (34.3) | 39 (29.5) | ||
| Blood pressure at admission, mmHg | |||||||
| SBP, mmHg | 159.2±28.88 | 168.61±30.17 | 157.06±28.2 | 0.004 | 162.49±29.04 | 153.9±27.93 | 0.007 |
| DBP, mmHg | 92.34±19.16 | 98.56±17.63 | 90.93±19.24 | 0.004 | 94.12±19.97 | 89.47±17.47 | 0.028 |
| NIHSS at admission, n(%) | |||||||
| 5–15 | 232 (67.2) | 10 (15.6) | 222 (79) | <0.001 | 110 (51.6) | 122 (92.4) | <0.001 |
| 16–20 | 76 (22) | 33 (51.6) | 43 (15.3) | 69 (32.4) | 7 (5.3) | ||
| >20 | 37 (10.7) | 21 (32.8) | 16 (5.7) | 34 (16) | 3 (2.3) | ||
| TOAST classification, n(%) | |||||||
| Large artery atherosclerosis | 76 (22) | 17 (26.6) | 59 (21) | <0.001 | 65 (30.5) | 11 (8.3) | <0.001 |
| Cardioembolic stroke | 119 (34.5) | 45 (70.3) | 74 (26.3) | 87 (40.8) | 32 (24.2) | ||
| Small-vessel occlusion | 134 (38.8) | 1 (1.6) | 133 (47.3) | 57 (26.8) | 77 (58.3) | ||
| Stroke of other determined etiology | 9 (2.6) | 1 (1.6) | 8 (2.8) | 4 (1.9) | 5 (3.8) | ||
| Stroke of undetermined etiology | 7 (2) | 0 (0) | 7 (2.5) | 0 (0) | 7 (5.3) | ||
| Hospital stay, days | 5 (3, 9) | 8 (3, 22) | 5 (4, 8) | 0.008 | 6 (4, 11) | 4 (3, 6.5) | <0.001 |
| Antihypertensive before rt-PA | 97 (28.1) | 36 (56.3) | 61 (21.7) | <0.001 | 77 (36.2) | 20 (15.2) | <0.001 |
| Laboratory | |||||||
| WBC (cells/mm3) – median (IQR) | 8500 (7100, 10400) | 8750 (7300, 11200) | 8500 (7000, 10300) | 0.312 | 8500 (7200, 10400) | 8500 (6900, 9950) | 0.215 |
| NLR – median (IQR) | 2.21 (1.53, 3.67) | 2.78 (1.76, 5.23) | 2.17 (1.5, 3.5) | 0.020 | 2.3 (1.59, 3.75) | 2.12 (1.46, 3.57) | 0.204 |
| Hb (g/dL) – mean (SD) | 12.55±2.13 | 11.91±2.31 | 12.7±2.07 | 0.013 | 12.4±2.19 | 12.8±2.01 | 0.093 |
| Hct (%)– mean (SD) | 38.19±6.29 | 36.35±7.12 | 38.6±6.02 | 0.021 | 37.65±6.48 | 39.05±5.9 | 0.044 |
| Platelet (×103cells/mm3) – mean (SD) | 251.51±81.36 | 237.11±81.34 | 254.79±81.15 | 0.117 | 251.67±89.31 | 251.26±66.87 | 0.964 |
| INR – mean (SD) | 0.97±0.14 | 0.98±0.17 | 0.97±0.13 | 0.356 | 0.97±0.13 | 0.97±0.14 | 0.672 |
| Creatinine (mg/dL) – median (IQR) | 0.95 (0.78, 1.15) | 1 (0.81, 1.24) | 0.94 (0.78, 1.14) | 0.198 | 0.97 (0.78, 1.16) | 0.93 (0.79, 1.11) | 0.314 |
| Blood glucose at first a dmission (mg/dL) – median (IQR) |
119 (102, 150) | 134 (109.5, 176) | 116 (101, 145) | 0.004 | 124 (106, 160) | 106.5 (94.5, 135.5) | <0.001 |
| Workflow time | |||||||
| Onset to door, min – median (IQR) | 90 (60, 120) | 90 (60, 130) | 90 (60, 120) | 0.181 | 90 (60, 120) | 90 (60, 120) | 0.871 |
| Onset to treatment time, min – median (IQR) |
140 (96, 182) | 151.5 (97, 189.5) | 135 (96, 180) | 0.370 | 136 (91, 179) | 140.5 (100, 186) | 0.307 |
| ASPECTS | |||||||
| Baseline ASPECTS | 10 (8, 10) | 7 (6, 8) | 10 (9, 10) | <0.001 | 9 (7, 10) | 10 (10, 10) | <0.001 |
| 24-h ASPECTS | 8 (5, 9) | 2 (1, 4) | 9 (7, 10) | <0.001 | 6 (3, 8) | 9 (9, 10) | <0.001 |
| Change in ASPECTS | 1 (0, 3) | 4.5 (3, 6) | 1 (0, 2) | <0.001 | 2 (1, 4) | 0 (0, 1) | <0.001 |
| Hospital stay, days | 5 (3, 9) | 8 (3, 22) | 5 (4, 8) | 0.008 | 6 (4, 11) | 4 (3, 6.5) | <0.001 |
ASPECTS: Alberta Stroke Program Early CT Score, CHF: Congestive heart failure, CI: Confidence interval, DBP: Diastolic blood pressure, Hb: Hemoglobin, Hct: Hematocrit, MI: Myocardial infarction, IHM: Inhospital mortality; mRS: modified Rankin Scale, NIHSS: National institutes of health stroke scale, NLR: Neutrophil-lymphocyte count ratio, rt-PA: Recombinant tissue plasminogen activator, SBP: Systolic blood pressure, TOAST classification: Trial of ORG 10172 in acute stroke treatment classification, WBC: White blood cell count, IQR: Interquartile range, SD: Standard deviation