Table 5.
GAL-9-binding partners on different cell types
| GAL-9-binding partner | Cell type/tissue | Function | Localization | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| TIM-3 | T cells | Th1 cell deletion | Cell surface | (190) |
| Acute myeloid leukemia cells, leukemic stem cells | Immune surveillance, tumor progression | Cell surface | (191, 192, 193) | |
| Breast cancer cells | Tumor protection against cytotoxic immune attack | Cell surface | (194) | |
| PD-1 | T cells | Apoptosis modulation | Cell surface | (193) |
| VISTA | T cells | T cell granzyme B release | Cell surface | (195) |
| 4-1BB | T cells, dendritic cells, NK cells | Inflammation | Cell surface | (196) |
| DR3 | T cells | Immune cell homeostasis | Cell surface | (197) |
| CD44 | T cells | TGF-βR signaling, inducible Treg differentiation | Cell surface | (198) |
| PDI | T cells | Th2 cell migration, HIV infection | Cell surface | (200) |
| CD45 | B cells | B cell activation | Cell surface | (201, 202) |
| CD206 | Melanoma-associated M2 macrophages | Angiogenesis | Cell surface | (203) |
| Dectin-1 | Pancreatic adenocarcinoma-associated macrophages | Tumor progression, T cell activation | Cell surface | (204) |
| IgE | Mast cells | Asthmatic reaction, cutaneous anaphylaxis, regulation of mast cells activity | Cell surface | (205) |
| GLUT2 | Pancreatic β cells | Receptor endocytosis | Cell surface | (208) |
| CD146 | Blood–brain barrier (BBB) endothelial cells (BBBECs) | BBBEC adhesion to T cells | Cell surface | (209) |
| LAMP-1/-2 | Hepatocarcinoma cells | Ubiquitination in response to lysosomal damage | Lysosomal membrane | (229) |
| Gut epithelial cells | Lysosomal function | Lysosomal membrane | (230) |