Table 2.
Selected SARS-CoV-2 RBD vaccine candidates in later-stage development or licensure.
| Developer & vaccine (reference) | Platform | Construct | Adjuvant | Trial phase, licence |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Akston Biosciences AKS-45226 |
CHO | Fc-dimeric RBD | Montanide (oil-in-water) | 3 |
| SK Bioscience GBP51027 | CHO/E.Coli | Self-assembling protein nanoparticle displaying 60 RBDs | AS03 | 3 |
| Anhui Zhifei Longcom, Chinese Acad. of Medical Sciences ZF200128 |
CHO | Tandem RBD protein dimer | Alum hydroxide | 3, EUA Uzbekistan, Indonesia, China, Colombia. |
| Finlay Vaccine Institute Soberana-02 & Soberana-Plus29 |
Baculovirus | Soberana-02 RBD conjugated to tetanus toxoid. Soberana-Plus (disulfide-linked dimeric RBD). |
Alum hydroxide 500 μg (02) & 1250 μg (Plus) | 3, license Cuba |
| Center for Genetic Engineering & Biotechnology Cuba, Abdala CIGB-6630 |
Yeast | Monomeric RBD | Alum hydroxide | 3, licence Cuba, Mexico, Nicaragua, Venuzuela, Vietnam |
| Biological E, Corbevax RBD219-N1C131 |
Yeast | Monomeric RBD | Alum hydroxide & CPG1018 | 3, Emerg. Licence India, Botswana |
| West China Hospital, WestVac Biopharma SARS-Cov-2 RBD32 |
Baculovirus | Monomeric RBD | Alum hydroxide | 3, started June 2021 |
| Covaxx, United Biomedical Asia & Vaxxinity, UB-61233 |
CHO | RBD-Fc plus 6 conserved T cell stimulatory peptides. | Aluminium phosphate & CPG | 3, Licence submission UK, Australia. |
| EuBiologics EuCorVac-1934 | CHO | RBD displayed on immunogenic nanoliposomes. | Monophosphoryl lipid A (MPLA) nanoliposomes | 3, started October 2022. |
| Joincare, Livzon Mabpharm. V-0135 |
CHO | RBD-Fc dimer incorporating interferon-α (IFNα) and pan human leukocyte antigen-DR-binding epitope at N-terminus. | Alum hydroxide | 3 |
| HIPRA. PHH-1V36 |
CHO | RBD fusion heterodimer incorporating alpha and beta variant RBDs | SQBA (Squalene-based oil-in-water) | 1/2a |
| Laboratorio Pablo Cassará ARVAC CG37 |
CHO | Single chain dimer of gamma variant RBD | Alum hydroxide | 1 |
| Radboud University, NL. ABNCoV238 | Schneider-2 (ExpreS2) cells | RBD-coated capsid virus-like particle | MF59 in a subgroup | 1 |
| LLC Betuvax Betuvax-CoV-239 | CHO | RBD-Fc dimer assembled as Betuspheres (betulin nanoparticles) | Betulin (triterpenoid of lupane structure) | 1/2 |
| Walvax/Abogen ARC0V-mRNA (AWcorna)40 | mRNA | RBD mRNA encapsulated in Abogen proprietary LNP | N/A | 3, emerg licence Indonesia (Sept 2022) |
All but three are targeted at ancestral strain RBD—a beta variant version of the V-01 vaccine that was tested in a pilot study, the HIPRA candidate has a beta RBD target (as alpha/beta heterodimer), and ARVAC CG uses the gamma variant RBD.