Table 2.

Baseline participants' characteristics data (N = 82).

Variable	Category	n	%
Gender	Male	32	39.0
	Female	50	61.0
Age group	≤40	12	14.6
	41-60	55	67.1
	>60	15	18.3
Marital statusa	Single	3	3.8
	Married	67	83.8
	Others “divorced and widowed”	10	12.5
Educationa	No education	16	19.8
	Primary education	13	16.0
	Secondary education	17	21.0
	University education	35	43.2
Employment status	Employed	33	40.2
	Not employed	26	31.7
	Retired	23	28.0
Family income statusb	Low income	24	30.8
	Middle income	41	52.6
	High income	13	16.7
Glycemic control (HBA1c) (M = 8.38, SD = 1.76) (%)	Controlled (≤7%)	23	29.5
	Uncontrolled (>7%)	55	70.5
Total cholesterol	Normal (<5.18 mmol/L)	44	57.1
	Abnormal (>5.18 mmol/L)	33	42.9
Triglyceride	Normal (≤1.70 mmol/L)	45	57.7
	Abnormal (>1.70 mmol/L)	33	42.3
Diastolic blood pressure	Normal (<90 mmHg)	76	92.7
	Abnormal (≥90 mmHg)	6	7.3
Systolic blood pressure	Normal (<140 mmHg)	63	76.8
	Abnormal (≥140 mmHg)	19	23.2
BMI	Normal weight (18.5-24.9)	6	7.3
	Overweight (25-29.9)	34	41.5
	Obese (≥30)	42	51.2
Diabetes duration	<5 years	29	37.2
	5-10 years	22	28.2
	>10 years	27	34.6
Type of medication	Insulin only	8	9.8
	Oral hypoglycemic agent only	64	78.0
	Insulin + oral hypoglycemic agent	10	12.2
Hospitalization due to DM	Yes	7	9.0
	No	71	91.0
Comorbidities	Yes	26	36.6
	No	45	63.4

Note. BMI = body mass index; M = mean; SD = standard deviation. ^aMarital status and education were recategorized into new groups for the purpose of this analysis. Age was a continuous data, but it was categorized for the purpose of this analysis. ^bFamily income is per month and classified into three groups: low income (<10000 SAR), middle income (10000-15000 SAR), and high income (>15000 SAR). 1 SAR = 0.35 AUD. Saudi family income data (https://www.stats.gov.sa/sites/default/files/household_income_and_expenditure_survey_2018_en_27-6-2019.pdf).