Table 3.
Paired sample t-test of study's outcomes.
| Baseline (M ± SD) | Postintervention (M ± SD) | Mean difference | t | p | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| PAM score | 54.75 ± 11.60 | 61.58 (15.69) | -6.83 | -5.30 | <0.001 |
| Clinical outcomes | |||||
| HbA1c | 8.38 ± 1.76 | 7.55 ± 1.28 | 0.83 | 4.76 | <0.001 |
| Diastolic blood pressure | 75.79 ± 8.09 | 75.82 ± 7.83 | -0.03 | -0.03 | 0.98 |
| Systolic blood pressure | 127.71 ± 13.07 | 124.79 ± 18.73 | 2.92 | 1.05 | 0.55 |
| Cholesterol | 4.95 ± 1.15 | 4.81 ± 1.20 | 0.15 | 0.87 | 0.39 |
| Triglyceride | 1.58 ± 0.60 | 1.62 ± 0.65 | -0.04 | -0.36 | 0.72 |
| BMI | 30.90 ± 5.25 | 29.16 ± 5.48 | 1.74 | 6.60 | <0.001 |
| Self-management behaviors | |||||
| General diet | 2.89 ± 2.18 | 3.90 ± 2.16 | -1.01 | -3.67 | <0.001 |
| Specific diet | 3.39 ± 1.54 | 3.46 ± 1.44 | -0.07 | -0.36 | 0.72 |
| Overall diet score | 3.12 ± 1.57 | 3.67 ± 1.56 | 0.56 | -2.85 | 0.006 |
| Exercise | 2.54 ± 2.37 | 3.49 ± 2.52 | -0.95 | -3.47 | <0.001 |
| Blood glucose self-testing | 2.37 ± 2.04 | 3.24 ± 2.43 | -0.86 | -2.98 | <0.001 |
| Foot care | 3.30 ± 2.77 | 3.55 ± 2.69 | -0.25 | -0.78 | 0.44 |
| Adherence to medication | 6.40 ± 1.76 | 6.51 ± 1.58 | -0.11 | -0.59 | 0.56 |
| Overall score | 3.50 ± 1.15 | 4 ± 1.24 | -0.50 | -3.70 | <0.001 |
| DKT | 6.29 ± 2.83 | 7.22 ± 2.36 | -0.92 | -2.82 | 0.01 |
| PAID-5 | 7.43 ± 4.82 | 7.46 ± 4.91 | -0.02 | -0.05 | 0.96 |
| DQOL | 31.52 ± 8.30 | 30.05 ± 8.28 | 1.47 | 1.47 | 0.15 |
Note. BMI = body mass index; DKT = diabetes-related knowledge test; PAID-5 = problem area in diabetes; DQOL = diabetes-related quality of life; M = mean; SD = standard deviation.