Table 4.
Factors associated with soil-transmitted helminth infection among the SAC of peri-urban Kebeles of Jimma City, Ethiopia.
| Variables | Categories | Soil-transmitted helminths | OR (95% CI) | p value | AOR (95% CI) | p value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Positive N(%) | Negative N(%) | ||||||
| Kebeles | Bore | 40 (32.3) | 84 (67.7) | 1.67 (0.94–2.96) | 0.082∗ | 1.43 (0.67–3.07) | 0.355 |
| Kofe | 20 (34.5) | 38 (65.5) | 1.84 (0.92–3.69) | 0.085∗ | 2.73 (1.21–6.16) | 0.016∗∗ | |
| Hora Gibe | 10 (25.6) | 29 (74.4) | 1.21 (0.52–2.80) | 0.661 | 2.06 (0.79–5.34) | 0.138 | |
| Jiren | 16 (11.4) | 124 (88.6) | 0.45 (0.23–0.89) | 0.022∗∗ | 0.62 (0.28–1.37) | 0.238 | |
| Ifabula | 26 (22.2) | 91 (77.8) | 1 | 1 | |||
|
| |||||||
| Age | 5–10 | 84 (23.9) | 267 (67.1) | 1.11 (0.68–1.81) | 0.668 | — | — |
| 11–15 | 28 (22) | 99 (78) | 1 | ||||
|
| |||||||
| Sex | Male | 63 (24.3) | 196 (75.7) | 1.11 (0.73–1.71) | 0.616 | — | — |
| Female | 49 (22.4) | 170 (77.6) | 1 | ||||
|
| |||||||
| Educational status SAC | Not enrolled at school | 19 (33.3) | 38 (66.7) | 1.76 (0.97–3.20) | 0.063∗ | 0.70 (0.30–1.60) | 0.406 |
| Enrolled at school | 93 (22.1) | 328 (77.9) | 1 | 1 | |||
|
| |||||||
| Decision-making autonomy in HH | Heads of the household | 101 (26.7) | 277 (73.3) | 2.95 (1.51–5.74) | 0.001∗ | 1.88 (0.88–4.04) | 0.102 |
| A consensus of all family | 11 (11) | 89 (89) | 1 | 1 | |||
|
| |||||||
| Mother's educational status | Cannot read and write | 32 (34) | 62 (66) | 3.61 (1.00–13.00) | 0.05∗ | 2.11 (0.50–8.91) | 0.306 |
| Primary (1–8) | 68 (22.1) | 240 (77.9) | 1.98 (0.57–6.84) | 0.279∗ | 1.07 (0.27–4.20) | 0.923 | |
| Secondary (9–12) | 9 (18.4) | 40 (81.6) | 1.57 (0.38–6.44) | 0.528 | 0.89 (0.18–4.41) | 0.888 | |
| High school and above 12 | 3 (12.5) | 21 (87.5) | 1 | 1 | |||
|
| |||||||
| Mother's occupation | Housewife | 39 (18.6) | 171 (81.4) | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
| Merchant | 5 (15.2) | 28 (84.8) | 0.78 (0.28–2.15) | 0.636 | 0.80 (0.21–2.92) | 0.734 | |
| Civil servant | 12 (18.8) | 52 (81.2) | 1.01 (0.49–2.07) | 0.974 | 1.21 (0.50–2.91) | 0.668 | |
| Daily laborer | 38 (35.8) | 68 (64.2) | 2.59 (1.45–4.61) | 0.001∗ | 1.71 (0.84–3.43) | 0.133 | |
| Farmer | 18 (29.5) | 43 (77.8) | 1.91 (1.08–3.37) | 0.026∗ | 1.04 (0.43–2.45) | 0.934 | |
|
| |||||||
| Wealth status | Low | 48 (31.8) | 103 (68.2) | 2.16 (1.27–3.69) | 0.005∗ | 1.09 (0.50–2.39 | 0.816 |
| Medium | 36 (21.3) | 133 (78.7) | 1.26 (0.72–2.18) | 0.415 | 1.46 (0.65–3.25) | 0.352 | |
| High | 28 (17.7) | 130 (82.3) | 1 | 1 | |||
|
| |||||||
| Family size | ≤5 | 62 (26.8) | 169 (73.2) | 1 | 1 | ||
| >5 | 50 (20.2) | 197 (79.8) | 0.69 (0.45–1.06) | 0.09∗ | 0.82 (0.47–1.42) | 0.481 | |
|
| |||||||
| Latrine availability | Yes | 99 (22.1) | 349 (77.9) | 1 | 1 | ||
| No | 13 (56.7) | 17 (43.3) | 2.69 (1.26–5.74) | 0.01∗ | 1.14 (0.34–3.82) | 0.832 | |
|
| |||||||
| Hand washing after defecation | Always | 70 (17.1) | 340 (82.9) | 1 | 1 | ||
| Often | 41 (64.1) | 23 (35.9) | 8.66 (4.89–15.34) | <0.001∗ | 6.39 (3.16–12.95) | <0.001∗∗ | |
| Sometimes | 1 (25) | 3 (75) | 1.62 (0.16–15.79) | 0.678 | 2.11 (0.20–21.74) | 0.531 | |
|
| |||||||
| Hand washing before meals | Always | 72 (17.6) | 336 (82.4) | 1 | 1 | ||
| Often | 40 (57.1) | 30 (42.9) | 6.22 (3.63–10.56) | <0.001∗∗ | 1.65 (0.69–3.95) | 0.260 | |
|
| |||||||
| Washing/peeling fruits before eating | Always | 41 (16.8) | 203 (81.2) | 1 | 1 | ||
| Often | 47 (26.7) | 129 (73.3) | 1.80 (1.12–2.89) | 0.015∗ | 0.72 (0.36–1.42) | 0.349 | |
| Sometimes | 24 (41.4) | 34 (58.6) | 3.49 (1.87–6.50) | <0.001∗ | 1.009 (0.43–2.36) | 0.983 | |
|
| |||||||
| Hand washing after contact with soil | Always | 54 (17.8) | 250 (82.2) | 1 | 1 | ||
| Often | 47 (31.5) | 102 (68.5) | 2.13 (1.35–3.35) | 0.001∗ | 0.98 (0.47–2.02) | 0.956 | |
| Sometimes | 11 (47.8) | 12 (52.2) | 4.24 (1.77–10.12) | 0.001∗ | 1.14 (0.314.22) | 0.845 | |
|
| |||||||
| Shoe wearing | Always | 30 (15.1) | 169 (84.9) | 1 | 1 | ||
| Often | 70 (27.8) | 182 (72.2) | 2.17 (1.34–3.48) | 0.001∗ | 1.21 (0.67–2.21) | 0.517 | |
| Sometimes | 12 (46.2 | 14 (53.8) | 4.83 (2.03–11.44) | <0.001∗ | 2.82 (0.99–8.02) | 0.051 | |
|
| |||||||
| Fingernail biting/sucking habits | Yes | 36 (31.9) | 77 (68.1) | 1.78 (1.11–2.84) | 0.016∗ | 1.08 (0.57–2.0) | 0.809 |
| No | 76 (20.8) | 289 (79.2) | 1 | 1 | |||
|
| |||||||
| Status of fingernail | Trimmed | 48 (14.6) | 280 (85.4) | 1 | 1 | ||
| Untrimmed | 64 (42.7) | 86 (53.3) | 4.34 (2.78–6.78) | <0.001∗ | 2.65 (1.56–4.51) | <0.001∗∗ | |
|
| |||||||
| Presence of children <5 years of age in the household | Yes | 60 (25.9) | 172 (74.1) | 1.30 (0.85–1.98) | 0.224∗ | 1.26 (0.73–2.18) | 0.405 |
| No | 52 (21.1) | 194 (78.9) | 1 | ||||
|
| |||||||
| Presence of domestic animal | Yes | 25 (19.7) | 102 (80.3) | 0.744 (0.45–1.23) | 0.246∗ | 1.09 (0.57–2.07) | 0.793 |
| No | 87 (24.8) | 264 (75.2) | 1 | 1 | |||
|
| |||||||
| Previous history of STH infection | Yes | 59 (28.6) | 147 (71.4) | 1.65 (1.08–2.54) | 0.02∗ | 1.52 (0.918–2.54) | 0.103 |
| No | 53 (19.5) | 219 (81.5) | 1 | 1 | |||
|
| |||||||
| Previous history of STH infection among families | Yes | 71 (25.5) | 207 (74.5) | 1.50 (0.94–2.39) | 0.083∗ | 0.60 (0.28–1.26) | 0.182 |
| No | 33 (18.5) | 145 (81.5) | 1 | 1 | |||
|
| |||||||
| History of deworming | Yes | 74 (18.4) | 329 (80.6) | 1 | 1 | ||
| No | 38 (50.7) | 37 (49.3) | 4.56 (2.72–7.66) | <0.001∗ | 2.90 (1.47–5.74) | 0.002∗∗ | |
Key; ∗ = variables at p ≤ 0.25 in bivariate logistic regression, ∗∗predictor variables in multivariate logistic regression at p < 0.05 and 1 refers to reference group.