Table 3. Adjusted Hazard Ratios for Mortality and Morbidity With Follow-Up From February 23, 1994, to December 31, 2017.
| Outcome | Adjusted hazard ratio (95% CI)a | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Amlodipine vs chlorthalidone | Lisinopril vs chlorthalidone | Lisinopril vs amlodipine | |
| Mortality outcomes | |||
| All-cause mortality | 1.00 (0.96-1.03) | 1.01 (0.97-1.04) | 1.01 (0.97-1.05) |
| CVD mortalityb | 0.97 (0.89-1.05) | 1.06 (0.97-1.15) | 1.10 (1.00-1.21) |
| CHD mortality | 1.01 (0.94-1.10) | 0.97 (0.90-1.06) | 0.96 (0.88-1.05) |
| Stroke mortality | 1.00 (0.86-1.16) | 1.19 (1.03-1.37)c | 1.19 (1.01-1.40)c |
| Heart failure mortality | 1.01 (0.85-1.21) | 1.03 (0.86-1.22) | 1.01 (0.83-1.24) |
| Other CVD mortality | 1.00 (0.91-1.11) | 0.95 (0.85-1.05) | 0.94 (0.84-1.06) |
| Non-CVD mortality | 0.99 (0.95-1.04)d | 1.01 (0.96-1.06) | 1.02 (0.97-1.08) |
| Cancer | 0.96 (0.88-1.04) | 1.05 (0.97-1.14) | 1.09 (1.00-1.20) |
| Kidney disease | 1.00 (0.81-1.23) | 1.18 (0.97-1.44) | 1.18 (0.95-1.48) |
| Accident or suicide | 0.86 (0.67-1.09)d | 1.08 (0.86-1.35)d | 1.25 (0.96-1.64) |
| Other non-CVD disease | 1.02 (0.96-1.08) | 0.97 (0.91-1.03) | 0.95 (0.89-1.02) |
| Unknown causes of mortality | 1.01 (0.74-1.38) | 0.97 (0.70-1.33) | 0.95 (0.67-1.36)d |
| Combined fatal and nonfatal hospitalized events | |||
| CVDb | 1.01 (0.96-1.06) | 1.04 (0.99-1.09)d | 1.02 (0.97-1.08) |
| CHD | 0.99 (0.92-1.06) | 0.98 (0.91-1.05) | 0.99 (0.91-1.07) |
| Heart failure | 1.02 (0.97-1.09)d | 1.03 (0.97-1.09)d | 1.00 (0.94-1.07) |
| Stroke | 1.04 (0.96-1.12) | 1.11 (1.03-1.20)c | 1.07 (0.98-1.17) |
| Cancer | 0.99 (0.92-1.07) | 1.02 (0.94-1.10) | 1.03 (0.94-1.12) |
| Kidney disease | 1.05 (0.90-1.22) | 1.12 (0.97-1.30) | 1.07 (0.91-1.26) |
Abbreviations: CHD, coronary heart disease; CVD, cardiovascular disease.
Adjusted for age 65 years or older at trial baseline, sex, race, Hispanic ethnicity, educational attainment, smoking status, treatment with antihypertensive drugs prior to trial baseline, obesity at trial baseline, atherosclerotic CVD at trial baseline, other atherosclerotic CVD at trial baseline, participation in Lipid Lowering Trial, diabetes status at trial baseline, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol less than 35 mg/dL (to convert to millimoles per liter, multiply by 0.0259) at trial baseline, estimated glomerular filtration rate less than 60 mL/min/1.73 m2 at trial baseline, ST segment depression at trial baseline, left ventricular hypertrophy (ascertained from centrally coded baseline electrocardiograms using the Minnesota Code criteria of tall R‐wave in the presence of ST‐segment depression or T‐wave inversion) at trial baseline, history of myocardial infarction or stroke at trial baseline, history of CHD at trial baseline, aspirin use at trial baseline, baseline systolic blood pressure per 10 mm Hg, and baseline diastolic blood pressure per 10 mm Hg.
Fatal or nonfatal confirmed CVD included hospitalization or death due to myocardial infarction, stroke, or heart failure.
Statistically significant at P < .05.
Significant interactions with in-trial period were found. Amlodipine vs chlorthalidone: non-CVD mortality, P = .04; accident or suicide mortality, P = .02; combined hospitalizations for congestive heart failure, P ≤ .001. Lisinopril vs chlorthalidone: accident and suicide mortality, P = .005; combined hospitalizations for congestive heart failure, P = .004; combined hospitalizations for CVD, P = .009. Lisinopril vs amlodipine: unknown cause mortality, P = .04.