Table 2.

Bivariate associations of binary WASH^a variables with typhoid risk in the training subpopulation of the control clusters of the Vi-TT^b cluster randomized trial, Dhaka, Bangladesh.

Variables	Yes					No					Hazard ratio (HRc)d
	n	Cases	PYe	IRf/100,000 PY	n		Cases	PY	IR/100,000 PY	HR (95% CI)g		P valueg
Toilet facility: private	41,155	86	57,718	149	56,932		174	67,381	258	0.57 (0.43-0.77)		<.001
Adult toilet: flush toilet	4617	11	6223	177	93,470		249	11,8876	209	1.07 (0.35-3.30)		.91
Child toilet: flush toilet	580	2	749	267	97,507		258	124,350	207	1.65 (0.41-6.69)		.48
Source of drinking water: private tap, well, or pump; water vendor	37,854	82	52,216	157	60,233		178	72,882	244	0.65 (0.49-0.87)		.003
Treated drinking water	73,527	183	92,350	198	24,560		77	32,748	235	0.91 (0.65-1.27)		.57
Treated cleaning water	300	1	420	238	97,787		259	124,678	208	1.13 (0.22-5.78)		.89
Hand wash before meals	73,019	191	92,584	206	25,068		69	32,514	212	1.15 (0.87-1.52)		.33
Hand wash after defecation	95,698	251	122,048	206	2389		9	3051	295	0.82 (0.48-1.40)		.47
Handwashing water available in HHh	95,616	251	121,736	206	2424		9	3312	272	0.94 (0.33-2.70)		.91
Handwashing soap available in HH	96,985	257	123,590	208	1102		3	1508	199	1.3 (0.56-3.03)		.537
Waste disposal place: fixed disposal	93,406	240	118,789	202	4681		20	6309	317	0.77 (0.43-1.37)		.37
Distance to drinking water source: shorter than median distance	64,772	175	83,175	210	33,315		85	41,923	203	1.11 (0.85-1.45)		.46
Water filter available in HH	11,628	24	15,966	150	86,459		236	109,132	216	0.73 (0.45-1.18)		.20

^aWASH: water, sanitation, and hygiene.

^bVi-TT: Vi-tetanus toxoid.

^cHR: hazard ratio.

^dEstimated from extended Cox proportional hazards model.

^ePY: person years.

^fIR: incidence rate.

^gCalculated using robust SE assuming risk of typhoid is correlated within clusters.

^hHH: household.