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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2025 Jan 1.
Published in final edited form as: Environ Res. 2023 Nov 2;240(Pt 2):117523. doi: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.117523

Table 2:

Dust OPEs and RBFRs and urinary OPEs in pregnant mothers overall and by children’s characteristics – HOME Study (N = 342)

Characteristics % Dust Flame-Retardant Concentrations (μg/g dust) Urinary OPEs adjusted for specific gravity
OPEs RBFRs
TCEP TCIPP TDCIPP TPHP EH-TBB BEH-TEBP BCEP BCIPP BDCIPP DPHP
Child’s sex
 Female 55.3 0.65 (0.08) 2.03 (0.22) 1.81 (0.19) 1.38 (0.13) 0.06 (0.01) 0.13 (0.01) 0.72 (0.07) 0.10 (0.01) 1.09 (0.09) 1.79 (0.12)
 Male 44.7 0.67 (0.09) 2.17 (0.28) 1.65 (0.18) 1.12 (0.12) 0.06 (0.01) 0.13 (0.01) 0.72 (0.07) 0.11 (0.01) 0.99 (0.09) 1.79 (0.14)
Race/ethnicity
 NH-White 64.3 0.80 (0.09) 2.65 (0.28) 1.94 (0.19) 1.28 (0.12) 0.07 (0.01) 0.17 (0.01) 0.60 (0.05) 0.11 (0.01) 0.99 (0.08) 1.68 (0.11)
 NH-Black 28.9 0.41 (0.06) 1.41 (0.20) 1.38 (0.19) 1.20 (0.16) 0.05 (0.01) 0.08 (0.01) 1.03 (0.14) 0.10 (0.004) 1.17 (0.14) 2.08 (0.17)
 Hispanic/Othera 6.7 0.91 (0.34) 1.47 (0.38) 1.71 (0.48) 1.29 (0.43) 0.05 (0.01) 0.10 (0.03) 1.13 (0.34) 0.10 (0.01) 1.05 (0.22) 1.95 (0.37)
Term
 Preterm 9.4 0.46 (0.12) 1.64 (0.34) 2.03 (0.36) 1.41 (0.30) 0.07 (0.01) 0.14 (0.02) 0.50 (0.10) 0.12 (0.02) 1.13 (0.25) 1.71 (0.27)
 Normal term 90.6 0.68 (0.07) 2.15 (0.19) 1.71 (0.14) 1.24 (0.10) 0.06 (0.01) 0.13 (0.01) 0.74 (0.06) 0.10 (0.004) 1.03 (0.07) 1.80 (0.09)
Birth weight
 Low 5.6 0.52 (0.17) 1.55 (0.42) 2.46 (0.66) 2.19 (0.69) 0.11 (0.03) 0.18 (0.04) 0.77 (0.20) 0.10 (0.01) 1.24 (0.33) 1.98 (0.47)
 Normal 79.5 0.69 (0.07) 2.23 (0.21) 1.73 (0.15) 1.16 (0.09) 0.05 (0.01) 0.12 (0.01) 0.66 (0.05) 0.11 (0.01) 1.01 (0.07) 1.70 (0.09)
 High 14.9 0.52 (0.15) 1.66 (0.36) 1.51 (0.32) 1.57 (0.34) 0.07 (0.02) 0.15 (0.03) 1.10 (0.20) 0.10 (0.01) 1.14 (0.16) 2.25 (0.26)
Household income
 <$50,000 43.6 0.51 (0.07) 1.73 (0.23) 1.67 (0.22) 1.19 (0.13) 0.05 (0.01) 0.11 (0.01) 1.01 (0.10) 0.10 (0.005) 1.09 (0.10) 2.10 (0.16)
 $50,000 to $74,999 16.9 0.74 (0.15) 2.41 (0.38) 1.85 (0.29) 1.43 (0.26) 0.06 (0.01) 0.14 (0.02) 0.76 (0.13) 0.11 (0.01) 1.10 (0.13) 1.59 (0.18)
 $75,000+ 39.5 0.83 (0.13) 2.44 (0.31) 1.76 (0.19) 1.26 (0.14) 0.06 (0.01) 0.15 (0.02) 0.51 (0.05) 0.11 (0.01) 0.97 (0.10) 1.62 (0.13)
Breastfed
 No 17.0 0.64 (0.14) 1.54 (0.29) 1.56 (0.31) 0.98 (0.19) 0.05 (0.01) 0.08 (0.01) 0.73 (0.13) 0.09 (0.005) 1.30 (0.21) 2.41 (0.30)
 Yes 83.0 0.66 (0.07) 2.23 (0.20) 1.78 (0.15) 1.32 (0.10) 0.06 (0.01) 0.14 (0.01) 0.72 (0.11) 0.11 (0.01) 0.99 (0.06) 1.69 (0.09)
Serum cotinine (ng/mL)
 < 0.10 68.1 0.70 (0.08) 2.28 (0.21) 1.78 (0.16) 1.27 (0.11) 0.07 (0.01) 0.15 (0.01) 0.63 (0.05) 0.11 (0.01) 1.02 (0.07) 1.64 (0.10)
 0.10 to 10 23.4 0.62 (0.12) 1.97 (0.39) 1.71 (0.29) 1.27 (0.19) 0.05 (0.01) 0.10 (0.01) 0.94 (0.14) 0.11 (0.01) 1.04 (0.13) 2.18 (0.21)
 > 10 8.5 0.44 (0.13) 1.22 (0.34) 1.50 (0.42) 1.09 (0.26) 0.04 (0.01) 0.09 (0.02) 1.08 (0.25) 0.09 (0.005) 1.20 (0.26) 2.29 (0.34)

Abbreviation: NH: Non-Hispanic; TCEP: tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate, TCIPP: tris(1-chloro-2-propyl) phosphate, TDCIPP: tris(1,3-dichloroisopropyl) phosphate, TPHP: triphenyl phosphate, EH-TBB: 2-ethylhexyl-2,3,4,5-tetrabromobenzoate, BEH-TBP: bis(2-ethylhexyl) tetrabromophthalate; BCEP: bis-2-chloroethyl phosphate, BCIPP: bis(1-chloro-2-propyl) phosphate, BDCIPP: bis(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate, DPHP: diphenyl phosphate.

a

‘Other’ race/ethnicity included Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander or Asian participants

Bold indicates significant difference in dust flame retardant concentrations or loadings across participants’ characteristics.