Table 1.
Sample characteristics of Health Aging and Body Composition participants (N = 2102).
| Overall | No Hearing or Vision Impairment | Hearing Impairment Only | Vision Impairment Only | Dual Sensory Impairment | p-value for the difference | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sample characteristics | N = 2102 | n = 538 | n = 743 | n = 330 | n = 491 | |
| Age, in years, mean (SD) | 74.0 (2.8) | 72.9 (2.5) | 74.0 (2.7) | 73.9 (2.8) | 75.1 (2.9) | <0.001 |
| Female, n (%) | 1090 (51.9) | 346 (64.3) | 320 (43.07) | 190 (57.6) | 234 (47.7) | <0.001 |
| African American, n (%) | 766 (36.4) | 229 (42.6) | 190 (25.6) | 166 (50.3) | 181 (36.9) | <0.001 |
| Postsecondary education, n (%) | 959 (45.6) | 248 (46.1) | 357 (48.1) | 155 (47.0) | 199 (40.5) | 0.080 |
| Married, n (%) | 1110 (52.8) | 262 (48.7) | 438 (59.0) | 157 (47.6) | 253 (51.5) | <0.001 |
| Current smoking status, n (%) | 167 (7.9) | 36 (6.7) | 49 (6.6) | 35 (10.6) | 47 (9.6) | 0.046 |
| Body mass index, in kg/m2, mean (SD) | 27.4 (4.7) | 27.5 (4.9) | 27.2 (4.5) | 27.4 (4.7) | 27.5 (4.5) | 0.697 |
| Type II Diabetes Mellitus, n (%) | 359 (17.1) | 72 (13.4) | 123 (16.6) | 62 (18.8) | 102 (20.8) | 0.050 |
| Hypertension, n (%) | 1314 (62.5) | 330 (61.3) | 448 (60.3) | 222 (67.3) | 314 (64.0) | 0.086 |
| Hearing Aid Use, n (%) | 190 (9.0) | 4 (0.7) | 118 (15.9) | 2 (0.6) | 66 (13.4) | <0.001 |
| Pure-tone average, in decibels of hearing level, mean (SD) | 30.3 (13.4) | 18.0 (5.0) | 38.7 (11.0) | 18.6 (5.0) | 39.1 (10.0) | <0.001 |
| Impaired visual acuity, n (%) | 87 (4.1) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 32 (9.7) | 55 (11.2) | <0.001 |
| Impaired contrast sensitivity, n (%) | 813 (38.7) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 325 (98.5) | 488 (99.4) | <0.001 |
| History of cataracts, n (%) | 1142 (54.3) | 263 (48.9) | 367 (49.4) | 198 (60.0) | 314 (64.0) | <0.001 |
| History of macular degeneration, n (%) | 125 (6.0) | 22 (4.1) | 26 (3.5) | 26 (7.9) | 51 (10.4) | <0.001 |
| History of glaucoma, n (%) | 266 (12.7) | 41 (7.6) | 87 (11.7) | 53 (16.1) | 85 (17.3) | <0.001 |
| Antidepressant use, n (%) | 50 (2.4) | 10 (1.9) | 23 (3.1) | 3 (0.9) | 14 (2.9) | 0.194 |
| Presence of depressive symptoms at Year 1, n (%) | 185 (8.8) | 42 (7.8) | 57 (7.7) | 28 (8.5) | 58 (11.8) | 0.032 |
| Presence of depressive symptoms at Year 5, n (%) | 484 (23.0) | 116 (21.6) | 156 (21.0) | 69 (20.9) | 143 (29.1) | 0.005 |
| Presence of anxiety symptoms at Year 1, n (%) | 370 (17.7) | 89 (16.7) | 132 (17.8) | 50 (15.2) | 99 (20.2) | 0.270 |
| Presence of anxiety symptoms at Year 5, n (%) | 140 (6.7) | 46 (8.6) | 39 (5.3) | 20 (6.1) | 35 (7.1) | 0.001 |
| Low perceived social support in Year 1, n (%) | 0.195 | |||||
| At least one component present | 721 (34.3) | 169 (31.4) | 243 (32.7) | 131 (39.7) | 178 (36.3) | |
| Two components present | 145 (6.9) | 42 (7.8) | 46 (6.2) | 21 (6.4) | 36 (7.3) | |
| Three components present | 23 (1.1) | 9 (1.7) | 6 (0.8) | 2 (0.6) | 6 (1.2) | |
| Low perceived social support in Year 5, n (%) | 0.028 | |||||
| At least one component present | 694 (33.0) | 170 (31.6) | 237 (31.9) | 106 (32.1) | 181 (36.9) | |
| Two components present | 144 (6.9) | 42 (7.8) | 39 (5.3) | 27 (8.2) | 36 (7.3) | |
| Three components present | 18 (0.9) | 5 (0.9) | 5 (0.7) | 7 (2.1) | 1 (0.2) | |
| Years on study, mean (SD) | 9.3 (1.9) | 9.6 (1.6) | 9.4 (1.8) | 9.2 (2.0) | 8.8 (2.2) | <0.001 |
| Number of visits, n (%) | 0.513 | |||||
| 1 | 2102 (100.0) | 538 (100.0) | 743 (100.0) | 330 (100.0) | 491 (100.0) | |
| 2 | 2102 (100.0) | 538 (100.0) | 743 (100.0) | 330 (100.0) | 491 (100.0) | |
| 3 | 2102 (100.0) | 538 (100.0) | 743 (100.0) | 330 (100.0) | 491 (100.0) | |
| 4 | 2102 (100.0) | 538 (100.0) | 743 (100.0) | 330 (100.0) | 491 (100.0) | |
| 5 | 2033 (96.7) | 528 (98.1) | 721 (97.0) | 319 (96.7) | 465 (94.7) | |
| 6 | 1862 (88.6) | 496 (92.2) | 671 (90.3) | 289 (87.6) | 406 (82.7) | |
| 7 | 1675 (79.7) | 468 (87.0) | 607 (81.7) | 255 (77.3) | 345 (70.3) | |
| 8 | 1493 (71.0) | 422 (78.4) | 556 (74.8) | 226 (68.5) | 289 (58.9) |
There was missingness on post-secondary education (n = 5), marital status (n = 140), Type II diabetes (n = 1), Center for Epidemiologic Studies – Depression Scale at Year 1 (n = 9), Center for Epidemiologic Studies – Depression Scale at Year 5 (n = 5), social support at Year 1 (n = 5), social support at Year 6 (n = 236), anxiety measures at Year 5 (n = 1337), visual acuity (n = 3), cataracts (n = 16), glaucoma (n = 9), macular degeneration (n = 21), antidepressant use (n = 4). p-values for differences across groups were derived from ANOVA (continuous variables) and chi-squared tests (categorical variables). Low perceived social support is defined by the following: (i) dissatisfaction defined as the lower 10th percentile of the sample distribution on both questions (score < 6), (ii) low social contact defined as one time per week/less than once per week for friends and/or relatives, and (iii) low emotional support defined as needing more emotional support.