Table 2.
Characterisation of the sample regarding the co-occurrence of frailty and sarcopenia
| Number of conditions, n (%) | p-value | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| No conditions 101 (74.3) | One condition 24 (17.6) | Two conditions 11 (8.1) | ||
| Age, years, Md (IQR) | 58.0 (48.5, 67.0) | 59.5 (50.3, 67.8) | 70.0 (50.0, 73.0) | 0.065 |
| Age categories, n (%) | 0.021 | |||
| < 65 years | 71 (70.3) | 16 (66.7) | 3 (27.3) | |
| ≥ 65 years | 30 (29.7) | 8 (33.3) | 8 (72.7) | |
| Sex, n (%) | < 0.001 | |||
| Women | 21 (20.8) | 15 (62.5) | 10 (90.9) | |
| Men | 80 (79.2) | 9 (37.5) | 1 (9.1) | |
| School years, Md (IQR) | 9.0 (4.0, 12.0) | 9.0 (4.0, 12.0) | 4.0 (4.0, 4.0) | 0.009 |
| NYAH functional classes, n (%) | 0.021 | |||
| Class I | 41 (41.4) | 5 (20.8) | 1 (9.1) | |
| Class II | 46 (46.5) | 11 (45.8) | 8 (72.7) | |
| Class III | 12 (12.1) | 8 (33.3) | 2 (18.2) | |
| LVEF categories, n (%) | 0.194 | |||
| HFrEF | 51 (51.5) | 12 (52.2) | 3 (27.3) | |
| HFmrEF | 29 (29.3) | 6 (26.1) | 2 (18.2) | |
| HFpEF | 19 (19.2) | 5 (21.7) | 6 (54.5) | |
| Polypharmacy, n (%) | 0.384 | |||
| < 5 medicines/day | 28 (27.2) | 5 (20.8) | 1 (9.1) | |
| ≥ 5 medicines/day | 73 (72.3) | 19 (79.2) | 10 (90.9) | |
| Medicines, n (%) | ||||
| ACE inhibitors | 80 (80.0) | 17 (70.8) | 9 (81.8) | 0.592 |
| Beta blockers | 97 (97.0) | 21 (87.5) | 11 (100) | 0.143 |
| Aldosterone antagonists | 70 (70.0) | 18 (75.0) | 3 (27.3) | 0.015 |
| Statins | 72 (72.0) | 11 (45.8) | 6 (54.5) | 0.046 |
| Furosemide | 32 (32.0) | 11 (45.8) | 8 (72.7) | 0.022 |
| Sacubitril/valsartan | 13 (13.0) | 3 (12.5) | 0 (0.0) | 0.596 |
| Ivabradine | 17 (17.0) | 4 (16.7) | 1 (9.1) | 0.927 |
| Thiazide diuretics | 6 (6.0) | 2 (8.3) | 0 (0.0) | 0.827 |
| Acetylsalicylic acid | 27 (27.0) | 5 (20.8) | 3 (27.3) | 0.844 |
| Nitrates | 11 (11.0) | 2 (8.3) | 2 (18.2) | 0.794 |
| Digoxin | 9 (9.0) | 2 (8.3) | 1 (9.1) | 0.999 |
| Antiarrhythmic drugs | 9 (9.0) | 4 (16.7) | 3 (27.3) | 0.119 |
| Anticoagulants | 30 (30.0) | 13 (54.2) | 4 (36.4) | 0.077 |
| Antidepressants | 16 (16.0) | 8 (33.3) | 3 (27.3) | 0.124 |
| Anxiolytics | 28 (28.0) | 5 (20.8) | 3 (27.3) | 0.799 |
| Diabetes, n (%) | 32 (32.0) | 3 (12.5) | 4 (36.4) | 0.114 |
| Myocardial infarction, n (%) | 26 (26.0) | 5 (22.7) | 1 (9.1) | 0.573 |
| Atrial fibrillation, n (%) | 12 (12.5) | 5 (20.8) | 2 (18.2) | 0.529 |
| BMI, Kg.m−2, M (SD) | 29.6 (4.3) | 27.4 (3.7) | 30.1 (5.0) | 0.068 |
| BMI categories, n (%) | 0.332 | |||
| Underweight + normal | 16 (15.8) | 6 (25.0) | 3 (27.3) | |
| Overweight | 41 (40.6) | 12 (50.0) | 3 (27.3) | |
| Obese | 44 (43.6) | 6 (25.0) | 5 (45.5) | |
Results presented in number (n) and percentage (%), in mean (M) and standard deviation (SD), or in median (Md) and inter-quartile range (IQR)
NYHA New York Heart Association, LVEF Left-ventricular ejection fraction, HFrEF Heart failure with reduced ejection fraction, HFmrEF heart failure with mid-range ejection fraction, HFpEF heart failure with preserved ejection fraction, ACE angiotensin-converting enzyme, BMI body mass index. Missing values: LVEF = 3; NYHA = 2; medicines = 1; incidental stroke = 3; atrial fibrillation = 5