Table 1.
Comparison of characteristics of COVID-19 group and Influenza group before and after matching
| Before matching | After matching | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| COVID-19 group (n = 7,187) |
Influenza group (n = 11,266) |
Std diff | COVID-19 group (n = 6,614) |
Influenza group (n = 6,614) |
Std diff | |
| Age at Index ± | 63.9 ± 16.7 | 55.4 ± 21.2 | 0.445 | 62.7 ± 16.7 | 63.1 ± 17.9 | 0.019 |
| Sex | ||||||
| Male | 3878 (53.96) | 5110 (45.36) | 0.173 | 3468 (52.43) | 3433 (51.91) | 0.011 |
| Female | 3308 (46.03) | 6155 (54.63) | 0.173 | 3145 (47.55) | 3181 (48.1) | 0.011 |
| Race | ||||||
| White | 4654 (64.76) | 6387 (56.69) | 0.166 | 4204 (63.56) | 4226 (63.9) | 0.007 |
| Asian | 194 (2.7) | 257 (2.28) | 0.027 | 172 (2.6) | 159 (2.4) | 0.013 |
| Black or African American | 1041 (14.48) | 1813 (16.09) | 0.045 | 975 (14.74) | 989 (14.95) | 0.006 |
| Unknown Race | 1204 (16.75) | 2718 (24.13) | 0.184 | 1186 (17.93) | 1164 (17.6) | 0.009 |
| Socioeconomic determinants of health | ||||||
| Problems related to housing and economic circumstances | 73 (1.02) | 77 (0.68) | 0.036 | 62 (0.94) | 55 (0.83) | 0.011 |
| Problems related to employment and unemployment | 18 (0.25) | 21 (0.19) | 0.014 | 16 (0.24) | 15 (0.23) | 0.003 |
| Comorbidities | ||||||
| Hypertensive diseases | 2504 (34.84) | 3581 (31.79) | 0.065 | 2322 (35.11) | 2330 (35.23) | 0.003 |
| Hyperlipidemia | 1734 (24.13) | 2435 (21.61) | 0.060 | 1602 (24.22) | 1589 (24.03) | 0.005 |
| Type 2 diabetes mellitus | 1359 (18.91) | 1762 (15.64) | 0.087 | 1238 (18.72) | 1205 (18.22) | 0.013 |
| Overweight and obesity | 1156 (16.09) | 1265 (11.23) | 0.142 | 993 (15.01) | 962 (14.55) | 0.013 |
| Neoplasms | 917 (12.76) | 1617 (14.35) | 0.047 | 873 (13.2) | 888 (13.43) | 0.007 |
| Cerebral infarction | 178 (2.48) | 215 (1.91) | 0.039 | 151 (2.28) | 149 (2.25) | 0.002 |
| Ischemic heart diseases | 915 (12.73) | 1169 (10.38) | 0.074 | 840 (12.7) | 840 (12.7) | < 0.001 |
| Substance use disorder | 801 (11.15) | 1522 (13.51) | 0.072 | 765 (11.57) | 774 (11.7) | 0.004 |
| Nicotine dependence | 626 (8.71) | 1186 (10.53) | 0.062 | 598 (9.04) | 609 (9.21) | 0.006 |
| Mood disorders | 610 (8.49) | 1116 (9.91) | 0.049 | 570 (8.62) | 568 (8.59) | 0.001 |
| Chronic kidney disease | 770 (10.71) | 1005 (8.92) | 0.060 | 706 (10.67) | 667 (10.09) | 0.019 |
| Chronic lower respiratory diseases | ||||||
| Asthma | 420 (5.84) | 1240 (11.01) | 0.187 | 413 (6.24) | 405 (6.12) | 0.005 |
| Bronchitis | 80 (1.11) | 240 (2.13) | 0.081 | 77 (1.16) | 119 (1.8) | 0.053 |
| Emphysema | 193 (2.69) | 304 (2.7) | 0.001 | 185 (2.8) | 184 (2.78) | 0.001 |
| Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease | 734 (10.21) | 1204 (10.69) | 0.015 | 703 (10.63) | 703 (10.63) | < 0.001 |
| Chronic liver diseases | ||||||
| Alcoholic liver disease | 34 (0.47) | 56 (0.5) | 0.003 | 33 (0.5) | 30 (0.45) | 0.007 |
| Fibrosis and cirrhosis of liver | 80 (1.11) | 135 (1.2) | 0.008 | 75 (1.13) | 76 (1.15) | 0.001 |
| Fatty liver | 167 (2.32) | 177 (1.57) | 0.054 | 147 (2.22) | 137 (2.07) | 0.010 |
| Immune disorders | ||||||
| Sarcoidosis | 10 (0.14) | 32 (0.28) | 0.032 | 10 (0.15) | 10 (0.15) | < 0.001 |
| Human immunodeficiency virus disease | 76 (1.06) | 120 (1.07) | 0.001 | 69 (1.04) | 68 (1.03) | 0.001 |
| Immunodeficiency with predominantly antibody defects | 18 (0.25) | 45 (0.4) | 0.026 | 18 (0.27) | 18 (0.27) | < 0.001 |
| Rheumatoid arthritis | 88 (1.22) | 177 (1.57) | 0.030 | 87 (1.32) | 79 (1.19) | 0.011 |
| Psoriasis | 52 (0.72) | 102 (0.91) | 0.020 | 46 (0.7) | 53 (0.8) | 0.012 |
| Systemic lupus erythematosus | 25 (0.35) | 72 (0.64) | 0.042 | 25 (0.38) | 26 (0.39) | 0.002 |