Table 6.
Nutrient intake and adequacy from food alone by depression status among females 60 + years of age†
| Nutrient Intakes | % < EAR‡ | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| PHQ Score | < 10 | 10 + | < 10 | 10 + | |||
| n = 1109 | n = 129 | n = 1109 | n = 129 | ||||
| Nutrient | EAR | Mean ± SE | Mean ± SE | % ± SE | % ± SE | ||
| Vitamin A, RAE (μg) | 500 | 631 ± 18 | * | 501 ± 45 | 34 ± 2.7 | * | 55 ± 8.7 |
| Vitamin E as alpha-tocopherol (mg) | 12 | 7.9 ± 0.2 | 7 ± 0.6 | 89 ± 2.1 | 93 ± 3.1 | ||
| Vitamin D (D2 + D3) (μg) | 10 | 4.4 ± 0.1 | * | 3.8 ± 0.3 | 96 ± 1.0 | 98 ± 0.8 | |
| Vitamin C (mg) | 60 | 82 ± 3 | * | 64 ± 7 | 38 ± 2.4 | * | 55 ± 6.4 |
| Thiamin (Vitamin B1) (mg) | 0.9 | 1.34 ± 0.03 | 1.3 ± 0.07 | 11 ± 1.9 | 14 ± 3.9 | ||
| Riboflavin (Vitamin B2) (mg) | 0.9 | 1.82 ± 0.03 | 1.77 ± 0.09 | 3 ± 0.7 | 4 ± 1.4 | ||
| Niacin (mg) | 11 | 19.3 ± 0.4 | 18.2 ± 0.9 | < 3 | 4 ± 2.1 | ||
| Vitamin B6 (mg) | 1.3 | 1.67 ± 0.03 | 1.52 ± 0.12 | 26 ± 2.1 | 36 ± 8.1 | ||
| Folate, DFE (μg) | 320 | 455 ± 11 | 447 ± 29 | 21 ± 2.6 | 23 ± 5.2 | ||
| Vitamin B12 (μg) | 2 | 4.03 ± 0.12 | 3.94 ± 0.34 | 7 ± 1.5 | 7 ± 3.3 | ||
| Calcium (mg) | 1000 | 830 ± 23 | 769 ± 44 | 75 ± 3.0 | 83 ± 4.8 | ||
| Iron (mg) | 5 | 12.4 ± 0.3 | 12.6 ± 0.7 | < 3 | < 3 | ||
| Magnesium (mg) | 265 | 266 ± 5 | * | 241 ± 12 | 53 ± 2.5 | * | 66 ± 6.0 |
| Phosphorus (mg) | 580 | 1134 ± 22 | * | 1046 ± 44 | < 3 | 4 ± 1.3 | |
| Zinc (mg) | 6.8 | 9 ± 0.2 | 8.5 ± 0.5 | 22 ± 2.8 | 29 ± 6.6 | ||
| Copper (mg) | 0.7 | 1.1 ± 0.03 | 1 ± 0.07 | 10 ± 1.3 | 18 ± 5.0 | ||
| Selenium (μg) | 45 | 91 ± 2 | * | 81 ± 3 | < 3 | 3 ± 1.4 | |
| AI | % >AI‡ | ||||||
| Vitamin K (μg) | 120 | 126 ± 5 | * | 97 ± 11 | 63 ± 2.9 | * | 45 ± 8.0 |
| Total choline (mg) | 550 | 274 ± 6 | * | 242 ± 12 | < 3 | < 3 | |
| Potassium (mg) | 3400 | 2415 ± 45 | * | 2130 ± 109 | 37 ± 2.6 | * | 22 ± 5.6 |
| Dietary fiber (g) | 30 | 16 ± 0.4 | * | 13.5 ± 0.9 | 19 ± 2.0 | * | 9 ± 3.4 |
| Lutein + zeaxanthin (μg) | NA | 1876 ± 131 | * | 1075 ± 158 | |||
| PFA 20:5 (Eicosapentaenoic) (g) | NA | 0.02 ± 0.002 | * | 0.01 ± 0.002 | |||
| PFA 22:6 (Docosahexaenoic) (g) | NA | 0.09 ± 0.007 | * | 0.05 ± 0.011 | |||
†Model 2: covariates for day of the week (weekday/weekend), sequence of the dietary recall (day 1 or 2), whether the participant reported use of any dietary supplement in the past 30 days, and age (60–69 y, 70–79 y, 80 + y), education, race/ethnicity, marital status, PIR, comorbidities (CHD, stroke, hypertension, diabetes, cancer), kidney function (GFR and albuminuria), BMI, smoking status, physical activity, and alcohol intake
‡Estimated values of % < EAR or % > AI less than 3% or greater than 97% are expressed “ < 3” and “ > 97”, respectively, and the SE’s are not displayed, in accordance with the USDA’s practice in reporting nutrient adequacy. Statistical comparisons were conducted using the estimated values < 3% or > 97%
*Statistically significant difference (p < 0.05) in UI, % < EAR, or % > AI from food alone between PHQ scores of < 10 and 10 +