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. 2023 Dec 4;54:116. doi: 10.1186/s13567-023-01244-z

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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SjANX A13 is involved in the host–parasite interaction via exosomes. A Schema of the transwell system. B Transcript levels of SjANX A13 in LX-2 cells of the transwell system. C Observation of S. japonicum worm-derived exosomes through TEM. The white arrows highlight typical structure of exosomes. Scale bar = 200 nm. D Representative images of the uptake of PKH67-labeled S. japonicum worm-derived exosomes (green) by LX-2 cells (DAPI blue). The black arrows highlight representative internalization. Scale bar = 50 μm. E Schema of exosomes and LX-2 cells co-incubation. F Transcript levels of SjANX A13 in LX-2 cells after coculture with S. japonicum worm-derived exosomes after 48 h. A and E were created with Biorender.com.