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. 2023 Dec 5;21:485. doi: 10.1186/s12916-023-03197-8

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 4 — Two-step network mediation analysis connecting the obesity measures and lifestyle factors to coronary artery disease through the modulation of specific circulating proteins. A The overview of potential causal mediating network. B The proportion of the association between obesity and coronary artery disease mediated by circulating proteins. C The proportion of the association between of physical activity and sedentary behaviors with coronary artery disease mediated by circulating proteins. D The frequency of circulating proteins involved in the mediating network connecting modifiable factors to CAD risk. Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; VAT, visceral adipose tissue; VPA, vigorous physical activity; WHR, waist-to-hip ratio; WC, waist circumference