Table 2.

Inclusion criteria

1) Patients with grade I or II spondylolisthesis according to the examination

2) Those diagnosed as discogenic low back pain, disc herniation, or lumbar spinal stenosis by imaging examination

3) Those with pain caused by the disease that seriously affects daily work and life and is not relieved after a short period of conservative treatment

4) Those with a lesion responsible segment ranging from the second lumbar vertebra (L2) to the first sacral vertebra (S1) and a single responsible space

5) Those aged between 18 and 80 years

6) Those with a disease duration ≥ 6 months