Table 3.

Exclusion criteria

1) Patients with spinal fractures, spinal infections, and intraspinal tumors

2) Those who previously underwent spinal surgery

3) Those with osteoporosis (T <  − 2.5), systemic autoimmune diseases, end-stage renal disease, and Parkinson’s disease

4) Those with combined major medical diseases not suitable for surgery

5) Those who suffer from mental illnesses that prevent them from communicating properly or from strictly following medical advice