Table 2.

Carotenoids produced by non-conventional oleaginous yeast from lignocellulosic biomass

Microorganism	Bio-product	Concentration/content	Raw material	Reference
R. mucilaginosa	Carotenoids	1.13 mg/L	Sisal bagasse hydrolysate (121ºC, 3 h Sulphuric acid solution (5.5%) S/L ratio 1:10	[104]
R. pacifica INDKK	β -carotene	210.4 mg/L	5% (v/v) molasses supplemented with enzymatically hydrolysis alkali-pretreated sugarcane bagasse hydrolysate (35% v/v).	[113]
R. toruloides ATCC 204091	β-Carotene	62 mg/L 57 mg/L	Waste ‘extract’ from fruit peels and inedible/discarded parts of vegetables as culture medium	[119]
R. toruloides CBS 14	Carotenoids	1.99 mg/100 dry cell weight	Wheat straw Acid-soaked (1% acetic acid) steam explosion 190 ºC/Enzymatic hydrolysis with cellulases	[80]
R. toruloides CBS 14	β-Carotene	1.48 mg/100 dry cell weight	Wheat straw hydrolysate (steam explosion 190ºC 10 min; 1% acetic acidic (soaked overnight)	[80]
R. toruloides DSM 4444	β-Carotene	16 mg/mL	Camelina meal as carbon source (SSF)	[120]
R. toruloides NRRL Y-1091 (evolved by adaptive laboratory evolution	carotenoids	14.09 mg/g dry cell weight	Wheat straw, hydrothermal pretreatment (195º-45 min)	[91]
R. toruloides NRRL Y 1091	carotenoids	15 mg/L	Switchgrass (Deep eutectic solvent pretreatment	[111]
R. toruloides RP15	carotenoids	12.7 mg/L	Sugarcane bagasse (Diluted acid pretreatment)	[112]