Table 3.
Association between domain-specific maternal stimulation and child development
| Dependent variable: ASQ Zscore | Unadjusted analysis | Adjusted analysis | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Effect size | 95% CI | Effect size | 95% CI | |
| Maternal stimulation domain | ||||
| Cognitive stimulation score | 0.09* | [0.01, 0.18] | 0.10* | [0.01, 0.18] |
| Language stimulation score | 0.15*** | [0.07, 0.24] | 0.15*** | [0.07, 0.24] |
| Socioemotional stimulation score | -0.04 | [-0.13, 0.05] | -0.05 | [-0.14, 0.04] |
| Motor stimulation score | 0.09* | [0.00, 0.18] | 0.09* | [0.01, 0.18] |
| Country | ||||
| Kenya | Reference | |||
| Zambia | -0.10 | [-0.30, 0.10] | ||
| Study arm | ||||
| Control | Reference | |||
| Intervention | 0.03 | [-0.09, 0.14] | ||
| Survey round | ||||
| Baseline | Reference | |||
| Midline | -0.10 | [-0.23, 0.03] | ||
| Endline | -0.08 | [-0.23, 0.07] | ||
| Caregiver highest education | ||||
| None | Reference | |||
| Primary | -0.10 | [-0.34, 0.15] | ||
| Secondary+ | -0.04 | [-0.31, 0.22] | ||
| Caregiver age (years) | -0.00 | [-0.01, 0.00] | ||
| Caregiver employment status | ||||
| Employed | Reference | |||
| Unemployed | 0.10 | [-0.02, 0.22] | ||
| Marital status | ||||
| Married | Reference | |||
| Not married | 0.06 | [-0.09, 0.21] | ||
| Number of children in household | 0.02 | [-0.02, 0.05] | ||
| Caregiver PSI score | -0.00 | [-0.02, 0.02] | ||
| Wealth quintile | ||||
| 1 (poorest) | Reference | |||
| 2 | 0.06 | [-0.10, 0.23] | ||
| 3 | -0.08 | [-0.25, 0.10] | ||
| 4 | 0.04 | [-0.14, 0.22] | ||
| 5 (Richest) | 0.16 | [-0.03, 0.34] | ||
| Intercept | 0.11* | [0.00, 0.23] | 0.15 | [-0.23, 0.53] |
| Observations | 1366 | 1366 | ||
*p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001; 95% confidence intervals in square brackets; In the unadjusted analysis, we controlled for country, study arm, and survey round