TABLE 6.

Nurses' psychological distress and coping strategies by professional role, working shift type, and care setting.

Variables	Professional role				Health care setting
	A floor nurse	Head nurse/clinical nurse supervisor	t	p	COVID‐19 general Ward	COVID‐19 ICU	t	p
	Mean ± SD	Mean ± SD			Mean ± SD	Mean ± SD
Adaptive coping (total)	2.16 ± 0.59	2.38 ± 0.62	2.79	0.01	2.82 ± 0.91	2.46 ± 0.69	2.49	0.01
Active coping	1.81 ± 0.47	2.17 ± 0.62	2.17	0.01	2.49 ± 0.81	1.96 ± 0.62	1.80	0.02
Planning	1.92 ± 0.73	2.42 ± 0.81	2.72	0.03	2.73 ± 0.83	2.33 ± 0.72	1.66	0.01
Seeking instrumental support	1.83 ± 0.52	1.73 ± 0.63	0.91	0.24	2.52 ± 0.44	2.34 ± 0.67	0.93	0.52
Positive reframing	1.73 ± 0.49	1.62 ± 0.72	0.79	0.08	2.31 ± 0.72	2.19 ± 0.93	0.83	0.42
Acceptance	2.10 ± 0.52	2.36 ± 0.41	0.86	0.29	2.36 ± 0.74	2.63 ± 0.60	−1.74	0.67
Sense of humour	2.13 ± 0.89	2.98 ± 0.65	2.81	<0.001	1.89 ± 0.66	2.62 ± 0.82	1.83	0.01
Emotional support seeking	2.49 ± 0.94	3.19 ± 0.54	3.14	<0.001	2.33 ± 0.59	2.91 ± 0.71	2.14	<0.001
Turning to religion	2.43 ± 0.64	2.75 ± 0.57	0.62	0.57	2.55 ± 0.86	2.74 ± 0.95	0.72	0.14
Maladaptive coping (total)	2.18 ± 0.64	1.76 ± 0.47	2.49	<0.001	2.04 ± 0.73	2.57 ± 0.82	2.49	<0.001
Self‐distraction	2.41 ± 0.62	1.93 ± 0.49	2.62	<0.001	1.94 ± 0.67	2.66 ± 0.73	1.92	0.01
Denial	2.36 ± 0.76	1.87 ± 0.51	3.40	<0.001	2.12 ± 0.63	2.81 ± 0.97	1.74	<0.001
Venting	1.92 ± 0.63	2.40 ± 0.81	2.94	0.01	2.42 ± 0.62	2.8 3 ± 0.53	0.73	0.31
Self‐blame	2.68 ± 0.88	1.91 ± 0.46	2.41	0.02	2.17 ± 0.54	2.32 ± 0.72	−1.67	0.28
Substance use	1.84 ± 0.42	1.65 ± 0.33	−1.74	0.62	1.96 ± 0.45	1.83 ± 0.56	−1.22	0.39
Behavioural disengagement	2.42 ± 0.81	1.91 ± 0.72	1.92	0.01	1.82 ± 0.83	2.39 ± 0.64	1.92	0.01
Psychological distress	5.92 ± 0.87	4.53 ± 0.21	2.79	<0.001	4.59 ± 0.43	5.91 ± 0.84	2.71	0.01